Conjugated lipomers and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides inventive conjugated polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers and conjugated aza-macrocycles (collectively referred to herein as “conjugated lipomers” or “lipomers”) containing one or more groups of the formula (iii): 
                         
wherein R 3  and R 4  are as defined herein. Also provided are compositions comprising the inventive conjugated lipomers, and methods of preparation and use.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/428,695, filed Mar. 23, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,328,716, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/468,455, filed Mar. 28, 2011, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The ability to silence genes via RNA interference (RNAi) was reported by Mello and Fire in 1998 (Fire et al., Nature (1998) 391:806-811). Since then, scientists have rushed to take advantage of the enormous therapeutic potential driven by targeted gene knockdown. This is evidenced by the fact that the first report of small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated RNAi in human beings was reported only twelve years after the phenomenon was described in Caenorhabditis elegans (Davis et al., Nature (2010) 464:1067-1070). Unfortunately, this report represents the only successful therapeutic application to date. It is well understood that development of genetic drugs is slowed by the inability to deliver nucleic acids effectively in vivo. When unprotected, genetic material injected into the bloodstream can be degraded by DNAases and RNAases, or, if not degraded, the genetic material can stimulate an immune response (see, e.g., Whitehead et al., Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2009) 8:129-138; Robbins et al., Oligonucleotides (2009) 19:89-102). Finally, in-tact siRNA must enter the cytosol, where the antisense strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (Whitehead in supra). RISC associates with and degrades complementary mRNA sequences; this prevents translation of the target mRNA into protein, “silencing” the gene.

To overcome these barriers, nucleotides have been complexed with a wide variety of delivery systems, including polymers, lipids, inorganic nanoparticles and viruses (see, e.g., Peer et al. Nature Nanotechnology, (2007) 2:751-760). Although it had been used in commercial products for over thirty years, the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI) was first reported as an effective gene therapy delivery material in 1995 (Boussif et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1995) 92: 7297-7301). The amino groups of PEI are known to be protonated at physiological pH, facilitating electrostatic interactions with the negative phosphate backbone of the nucleotide (see, e.g., Suh et al., Bioorganic Chemistry (1994) 22:318-327). Branched PEI (BPEI) is one of the most highly characterized polymeric vectors for genetic delivery owing to increased interactions between the branched cation and the relatively linear phosphate backbone (Von Harpe et al., Journal of Controlled Release (2000) 69: 309-322). In addition to this stability, BPEI is considered an ideal delivery vector because the primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups have different pKas, and can therefore accept a large number of protons in the endosome without acidifying the membrane. Since acidification is required for nuclease activity that would disassemble the nucleotide, the nucleotide is protected from degradation. Furthermore, the influx of protons creates a gradient down which ions and water flow, an effect also known as “the proton sponge”. The endosomal membrane is filled like a balloon until it bursts open, releasing genetic material into the cytoplasm. In this way, BPEI is able to effectively ferry nucleic acids from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm (see, e.g., Akinc et al., Journal of Gene Medicine (2005) 7: 657-663).

The potential for effective delivery of nucleic acids with PEI has driven significant interest in the polymer (see, e.g., Incani et al., Soft Matter (2010) 6:2124-2138; and Howard, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2009) 61:710-720). However, many authors have reported that efficacy, molecular weight and toxicity increase together (see, e.g., Godbey et al., Journal Of Biomedical Materials Research (1999) 45: 268-275). For example, it has been reported that a number average molar mass (Mn) of 25,000 BPEI (BPEI_(25,000)) was required for effective DNA delivery, while Mn 1200 and Mn 600 PEI failed to yield expression in any trial (Richards-Grayson et al., Pharmaceutical research (2006) 23:1868-1876). In that same report, BPEI₈₀₀ DNA transfection was compared to Mn 22,000 linear PEI (LPEI_(22,000)) and BPEI_(25,000), and the authors found that while transfection was only seen with the BPEI_(25,000) formulation, BPEI_(25,000) was also found to be more cytotoxic. Regardless, many researchers have utilized BPEI_(25,000) to delivery DNA and siRNA (see, e.g., Alshamsan et al., Biomaterials (2009) 31:1420-1428; Kim et al., Bioconj. Chem. (2006) 17:241-244; Kim et al., J. Controlled Release (2006) 129:107-116; Kwon et al., Bioconj. Chem. (2008) 19:920-927; Jiang et al., Biopolymers (2008) 89:635-642; Creusat et al., Bioconjugate chemistry (2010) 21:994-1002; Bajaj et al., Bioconjugate chemistry (2008) 19:1640-1651; Furgeson et al., Pharmaceutical research (2002) 19:382-390; and Furgeson et al., Bioconjugate Chem (2003)14:840-847). In a recent report, BPEI_(25,000) was conjugated by N-acylation of the PEI to lipid tails and formulated with siRNA targeting STAT3, a protein required for tumor progression (Alshamsan et al. Biomaterials (2010) 31:1420-1428). In vitro analysis showed that the BPEI_(25,000)-C₁₆ conjugate reduced target gene expression by 50% at 25 nM in vitro and reduced tumor size by 50% at 0.3 mg/kg after intra-tumoral injections.

Investigators have sought to abrogate the cytotoxic effects of using BPEI_(25,000) in a variety of ways. For example, some investigators have conjugated lower molecular weight PEI segments together via biodegradable bonds in an effort to provide a new polymer which delivers nucleotides effectively like a BPEI_(25,000), but degrades into non-toxic constituents (see, e.g., Tarcha et al., Biomaterials (2007) 28:3731-3740; Breunig et al., Journal of Controlled Release (2008) 130:57-63; and Breunig et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2007) 104:14454-14459). Others have used BPEI₂₀₀₀ and BPEI₁₈₀₀ to a variety of hydrophobic chemical groups in an effort to bolster the molecular weight of the PEI polymer to provide a new polymer without the cytotoxic effects inherent to BPEI_(25,000). In one such report, lipid moieties were conjugated by N-acylation to BPEI₂₀₀₀ (2 kDa PEI) and evaluated for gene delivery (Neamnark, et al. Molecular Pharmaceutics (2009) 6:1798-1815). The authors reported that lipid conjugation improved gene delivery, but doses nearing 100 nM were not effective at transfecting the plasmid. In another report, BPEI₁₈₀₀ was conjugated to cholesterol in a molar ratio of cholesterol:BPEI₁₈₀₀ of approximately 1, but the authors required 5-15 μM for in vitro knockdown, indicating poor efficacy (see Kim et al., J. Controlled Release (2007) 118:357-363). Still others have investigated poly-siRNA conjugated to BPEI₁₈₀₀ for gene silencing (see, e.g., Lee et al., J. Controlled Release (2010) 141:339-346). However, the prevailing sense in the research community is that use of LPEI for the delivery of siRNA is still not as effective as use of BPEI, and that low molecular weight LPEI and BPEI polymers, i.e., having a number average molar mass (Mn) of ≤2000 (i.e., approximately ≤2 kDa), are inefficient materials for siRNA delivery (see, e.g., Boussif et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1995) 92: 7297-7301; and Philipp et al., Bioconjugate Chem. (2009) 20:2055-2061).

As described above, PEI mediated polynucleotide delivery has been well-studied, but, to date, no highly effective in vivo PEI-based delivery system has been reported. Thus, there continues to remain a need to develop a PEI-based polynucleotide delivery system which is as efficient a delivery system as a high molecular weight PEI, but with little to no cytotoxicity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides inventive conjugated polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers and inventive conjugated aza-macrocycles (collectively referred to herein as “conjugated lipomers” or “lipomers”), which are useful, for example, as polynucleotide delivery systems. The conjugated polyethyleneimine polymers are preferably prepared from low molecular weight linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) polymers, i.e., having a number average molar mass (Mn) of ≤2000 (i.e., approximately ≤2 kDa).

In one aspect, provided is a conjugated lipomer of the Formula (II):

or salt thereof; wherein:

each instance of L¹ is independently selected from formulae:

provided that at least one L¹ is selected from formulae (iii);

n is an integer of between 3 to 45, inclusive;

each instance of R² is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine; or a group of the formula (iii′):

or the two R² groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;

each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a hydrophilic polymer;

each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen, acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

A is —N(R⁵)₂, wherein each instance of R⁵ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a group of the formula (iii′):

or two R⁵ groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and

Z is hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or a group of the formula (iii′):

or Z and the nitrogen atom to which it is attached form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl group.

In another aspect, provided is a cyclic conjugated lipomer of the Formula (IV):

or salt thereof; wherein:

each instance of L³ is independently selected from:

provided that the cyclic conjugated lipomer contains at least one group selected from (vi), (vii) or (viii);

each instance of R⁸ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or

provided the conjugated lipomer contains at least one group of the formula (iii′);

each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a hydrophilic polymer;

each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen, acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each instance of m and p is independently 0, 1 or 2;

q is an integer selected from 2, 3, or 4; and

the dashed curved line, together with G and Y, is a covalent bond or a group of the formula:

wherein s is 0, 1, or 2, and R⁸ is as defined herein.

In certain embodiments, the cyclic conjugated lipomer comprises at least one instance of the group of the formula (vi). In these embodiments, the conjugated lipomer is of the Formula (V), (VI), or (VII):

or salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomer comprises at least one instance of the group of the formula (vii), (viii), or (ix). In these embodiments, the conjugated lipomer is of the Formula (VII) or (IX):

or salt thereof.

In yet another aspect, provided are compositions comprising the inventive conjugated lipomers. For example, in certain embodiments, provided is a composition comprising one or more conjugated lipomers of the present invention, e.g., a conjugated lipomer of Formula (II) or (IV), and, optionally an excipient. In certain embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition or a cosmetic composition. In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an agent. In certain embodiments, the agent is small molecule, organometallic compound, nucleic acid, protein, peptide, polynucleotide, metal, targeting agent, an isotopically labeled chemical compound, drug, vaccine, immunological agent. In certain embodiments, the agent is a polynucleotide, and the polynucleotide is DNA or RNA. In certain embodiments, the RNA is RNAi, dsRNA, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, or antisense RNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide and the one or more conjugated lipomers are not covalently attached. In certain embodiments, the one or more conjugated lipomers is in the form of a particle. In certain embodiments, the particle is a nanoparticle or microparticle. In certain embodiments, the particle encapsulates an agent, e.g., an agent to be delivered.

In yet another aspect, provided are methods of preparation of the inventive conjugated lipomers. For example, in one embodiment, provided is a method of preparing a conjugated lipomer of the Formula (II), or salt thereof, the method comprising contacting a compound of the Formula (I), or salt thereof, with an epoxide of the formula (xii):

wherein each instance of R¹ is independently selected from hydrogen or a group of the formula (ii′):

In another embodiment, provided is a method of preparing a cyclic conjugated lipomer of the Formula (IV), or salt thereof, the method comprising contacting a compound of the Formula (III), or salt thereof, with an epoxide of the formula (xii):

wherein each instance of L² is independently selected from:

provided that the compound of Formula (III) contains at least one group selected from (vi), (vii) or (viii); and further provided that the compound of Formula (III) contains at least one R⁸ group that is hydrogen.

In yet another aspect, provided are screening methods. For example, in one embodiments, provided is a method of screening a library of conjugated lipomers of the present invention, e.g., conjugated lipomers Formula (II) and/or (IV), the method comprising providing a plurality of conjugated lipomers; and screening the conjugated lipomers for a desired property, e.g., useful in gene therapy. In certain embodiments, the desired property includes a property useful for delivery of an agent (e.g., a small molecule, polynucleotide, protein, peptide) to a cell, tissue, organ, or subject. In certain embodiments, the desired property is an ability to bind a polynucleotide; increase transfection efficiency; support cell growth; support cell attachment; support tissue growth; or to be soluble in an aqueous solution.

In yet another aspect, provided are methods of use of the inventive conjugated lipomers for the treatment of diseases, disorders, or conditions. For example, in certain embodiments, provided is a method of treating cancer comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an inventive conjugated lipomer, or salt thereof, as described herein.

DEFINITIONS

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5^(th) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.

Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E. L. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, N Y, 1962); and Wilen, S. H. Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind. 1972). The invention additionally encompasses compounds as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers.

When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is intended to encompass, C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₁₋₆, C₁₋₅, C₁₋₄, C₁₋₃, C₁₋₂, C₂₋₆, C₂₋₅, C₂₋₄, C₂₋₃, C₃₋₆, C₃₋₅, C₃₋₄, C₄₋₆, C₄₋₅, and C₅₋₆ alkyl.

As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 50 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₅₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 40 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₄₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 30 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₃₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₁₀ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₉ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₈ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₇ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₆ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₅ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₄ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₃ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C₁₋₂ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C₁ alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkyl”). Examples of C₁₋₆ alkyl groups include methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), and n-hexyl (C₆). Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C₇), n-octyl (C₈) and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is an unsubstituted C₁₋₅₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is a substituted C₁₋₅₀ alkyl.

The term “heteroalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, which further comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 25) heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, silicon, phosphorus) included in the parent chain. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is an unsubstituted C₁₋₅₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is a substituted C₁₋₅₀ heteroalkyl.

As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 50 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (“C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 40 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄₀ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 30 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃₀ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 20 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₂₀ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₉ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₈ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₇ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₅ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃ alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C₂ alkenyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl). Examples of C₂₋₄ alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C₂), 1-propenyl (C₃), 2-propenyl (C₃), 1-butenyl (C₄), 2-butenyl (C₄), butadienyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C₂₋₄ alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C₅), pentadienyl (C₅), hexenyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C₇), octenyl (C₈), octatrienyl (C₈), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is an unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is a substituted C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl.

The term “heteroalkenyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkenyl group, as defined herein, which further comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 25) heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, silicon, phosphorus) included in the parent chain. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is an unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is a substituted C₂₋₅₀ heteroalkenyl.

As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 50 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (“C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 40 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 30 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 20 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₂₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₉ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₈ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₇ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₆ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₅ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₄ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C₂₋₃ alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C₂ alkynyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl). Examples of C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C₂), 1-propynyl (C₃), 2-propynyl (C₃), 1-butynyl (C₄), 2-butynyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C₂₋₆ alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C₅), hexynyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C₇), octynyl (C₈), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is an unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is a substituted C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl.

The term “heteroalkynyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkynyl group, as defined herein, which further comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1 to 25) heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, silicon, phosphorus) included in the parent chain. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is an unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is a substituted C₂₋₅₀ heteroalkynyl.

As used herein, “carbocyclyl” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₁₀ carbocyclyl”). Exemplary C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl (C₄), cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), and the like. Exemplary C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇), cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇), cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), and the like. Exemplary C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉), cyclodecyl (C₁₀), cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C₉), decahydronaphthalenyl (C₁₀), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀), and the like. As the foregoing examples illustrate, in certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., containing a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic carbocyclyl”)) and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is an unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl.

In some embodiments, “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₅₋₁₀ cycloalkyl”). Examples of C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C₅) and cyclohexyl (C₅). Examples of C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C₃) and cyclobutyl (C₄). Examples of C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇) and cyclooctyl (C₈). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is an unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is a substituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl.

As used herein, “heterocyclyl” refers to a radical of a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“3-14 membered heterocyclyl”). In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic heterocyclyl”)), and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. Heterocyclyl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heterocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of heterocyclyl is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is an unsubstituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is a substituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiorenyl. Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl and dithiolanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclyl groups include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydroisochromenyl, decahydronaphthyridinyl, decahydro-1,8-naphthyridinyl, octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, indolinyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, 1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepinyl, 1,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]pyrrolyl, 5,6-dihydro-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrolyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-furo[3,2-b]pyranyl, 5,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyranyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-c]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridinyl, and the like.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C₆₋₁₄ aryl”). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 6 ring carbon atoms (“C₆ aryl”; e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 10 ring carbon atoms (“C₁₀ aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 14 ring carbon atoms (“C₁₄ aryl”; e.g., anthracyl). “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is an unsubstituted C₆₋₁₄ aryl. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is a substituted C₆₋₁₄ aryl.

As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur (“5-14 membered heteroaryl”). In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heteroaryl” includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).

In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is an unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is a substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.

Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 or 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl. Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, phenanthridinyl, dibenzofuranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl and phenazinyl.

As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic groups (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl moieties) as herein defined.

Alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, as defined herein, are optionally substituted. In general, the term “substituted”, whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position. The term “substituted” is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound. The present invention contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound. For purposes of this invention, heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.

Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(aa), —ON(R^(bb))₂, —N(R^(bb))₂, —N(R^(bb))₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OR^(cc))R^(bb), —SH, —SR^(aa), —SSR^(cc), —C(═O)R^(aa), —CO₂H, —CHO, —C(OR^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂N(R^(bb))₂, —SO₂R^(aa), —SO₂OR^(aa), —OSO₂R^(aa), —S(═O)R^(aa), —OS(═O)R^(aa), —Si(R^(aa))₃, —OSi(R^(aa))₃, —C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)OR^(aa), —SC(═O)R^(aa), —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —OP(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, —OP(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, —P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, —OP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —NR^(bb)P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, —P(R^(cc))₂, —P(R^(cc))₃, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃, —B(R^(aa))₂, —B(OR^(cc))₂, —BR^(aa)(OR^(cc)), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₄ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group ═O, ═S, ═NN(R^(bb))₂, ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)C(═O)OR^(aa), ═NNR^(bb)S(═O)₂R^(aa), ═NR^(bb), or ═NOR′;

each instance of R^(aa) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(aa) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(bb) is, independently, selected from hydrogen, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(NR^(cc))₂, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(bb) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of 12′ is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two 12′ groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups;

each instance of R^(dd) is, independently, selected from halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^(ee), —ON(R^(ff))₂, —N(R^(ff))₂, —N(R^(ff))₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OR^(ee))R^(ff), —SH, —SR^(ee), —SSR^(ee), —C(═O)R^(ee), —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(ee), —OC(═O)R^(ee), —OCO₂R^(ee), —C(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —OC(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)C(═O)R^(ee), —NR^(ff)CO₂R^(ee), —NR^(ff)C(═O)N(R^(ff))₂, —C(═NR^(ff))OR^(ee), —OC(═NR^(ff))R^(ee), —OC(═NR^(ff))OR^(ee), —C(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —OC(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)C(═NR^(ff))N(R^(ff))₂, —NR^(ff)SO₂R^(ee), —SO₂N(R^(ff))₂, —SO₂R^(ee), —SO₂OR^(ee), —OSO₂R^(ee), —S(═O)R^(ee), —Si(R^(ee))₃, —OSi(R^(ee))₃, —C(═S)N(R^(ff))₂, —C(═O)SR^(ee), —C(═S)SR^(ee), —SC(═S)SR^(ee), —P(═O)₂R^(ee), —P(═O)(R^(ee))₂, —OP(═O)(R^(ee))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(ee))₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups, or two geminal R^(dd) substituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S;

each instance of R^(ee) is, independently, selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups;

each instance of e is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(ff) groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(gg) groups; and

each instance of R^(gg) is, independently, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —ON(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂-N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃ ⁺X⁻, —NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂ ⁺X⁻, —NH₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl)⁺X⁻, —NH₃ ⁺X⁻, —N(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(OH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NH(OH), —SH, —SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SS(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)C(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHCO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═O)NH₂, —C(═NH)O(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(═NH)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═NH)NH₂, —OC(═NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(NH)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —OC(NH)NH₂, —NHC(NH)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —NHC(═NH)NH₂, —NHSO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂C₁₋₆ alkyl, —SO₂OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OSO₂C₁ alkyl, —SOC₁₋₆ alkyl, —Si(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃, —OSi(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₃, —C(═S)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C(═S)NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), C(═S)NH₂, —C(═O)S(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —SC(═S)SC₁₋₆ alkyl, —P(═O)₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —P(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(OC₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁ alkyl, C₁₋₆ perhaloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal R^(gg) substituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S;

wherein X⁻ is a counterion.

As used herein, the term “hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” refers to the group —OH. The term “substituted hydroxyl” or “substituted hydroxyl,” by extension, refers to a hydroxyl group wherein the oxygen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with a group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —OR^(aa), —ON(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═O)SR^(aa), —OC(═O)R^(aa), —OCO₂R^(aa), —OC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —OC(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa), —OC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —OS(═O)R^(aa), —OSO₂R^(aa), —OSi(R^(aa))₃, —OP(R^(cc))₂, —OP(R^(cc))₃, —OP(═O)₂R^(aa), —OP(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —OP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, —OP(═O)₂N(R^(bb))₂, and —OP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “thiol” or “thio” refers to the group —SH. The term “substituted thiol” or “substituted thio,” by extension, refers to a thiol group wherein the sulfur atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with a group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —SR^(aa), —S═SR^(cc), —SC(═S)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)SR^(aa), —SC(═O)OR^(aa), and —SC(═O)R^(aa), wherein R^(aa) and R^(cc) are as defined herein.

As used herein, the term, “amino” refers to the group —NH₂. The term “substituted amino,” by extension, refers to a monosubstituted amino, a disubstituted amino, or a trisubstituted amino, as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “monosubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with one hydrogen and one group other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —NH(R^(bb)), —NHC(═O)R^(aa), —NHCO₂R^(aa), —NHC(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NHC(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NHSO₂R^(aa), —NHP(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and —NHP(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb) and R^(cc) are as defined herein, and wherein R^(bb) of the group —NH(R^(bb)) is not hydrogen.

As used herein, the term “disubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with two groups other than hydrogen, and includes groups selected from —N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(═O)R^(aa), —NR^(bb)CO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)C(NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂, —NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —NR^(bb)P(═O)(OR^(cc))₂, and —NR^(bb)P(═O)(NR^(bb))₂, wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), and R^(cc) are as defined herein, with the proviso that the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is not substituted with hydrogen.

As used herein, the term “trisubstituted amino” refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with three groups, and includes groups selected from —N(R^(bb))₃ and —N(R^(bb))₃ ⁺X⁻, wherein R^(bb) and X⁻ are as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “sulfonyl” refers to a group selected from —SO₂N(R^(bb))₂, —SO₂R^(aa), and —SO₂OR^(aa), wherein R^(aa) and e are as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “sulfinyl” refers to the group —S(═O)R^(aa), wherein R^(aa) is as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “silyl” refers to the group —Si(R^(aa))₃, wherein R^(aa) is as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “acyl” refers a group wherein the carbon directly attached to the parent molecule is sp² hybridized, and is substituted with an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom, e.g., a group selected from ketones (—C(═O)R^(aa)), carboxylic acids (—CO₂H), aldehydes (—CHO), esters (—CO₂R^(aa), —C(═O)SR^(aa), —C(═S)SR^(aa)), amides (—C(═O)N(R^(bb))₂, —C(═O)NR^(bb)SO₂R^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(bb))₂), and imines (—C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))OR^(aa)), —C(═NR^(bb))N(R^(bb))₂), wherein R^(aa) and R^(bb) are as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, —F), chlorine (chloro, —Cl), bromine (bromo, —Br), or iodine (iodo, —I).

As used herein, a “counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a positively charged quarternary amine in order to maintain electronic neutrality. Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻), NO₃ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, OH⁻, H₂PO₄ ⁻, HSO₄ ⁻, sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like), and carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, ethanoate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, and the like).

Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substitutents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(bb))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), —P(═O)₂R^(aa), —P(═O)(R^(aa))₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^(cc))₂, —P(═O)(NR^(cc))₂, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^(cc) groups attached to an N atom are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups, and wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), R^(cc) and R^(dd) are as defined above.

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on the nitrogen atom is an amino protecting group (also referred to herein as a “nitrogen protecting group”). Amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —OH, —OR^(aa), —N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)R^(aa), —C(═O)N(R^(cc))₂, —CO₂R^(aa), —SO₂R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))R^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))OR^(aa), —C(═NR^(cc))N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂N(R^(cc))₂, —SO₂R^(cc), —SO₂OR^(cc), —SOR^(aa), —C(═S)N(R^(cc))₂, —C(═O)SR^(cc), —C(═S)SR^(cc), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (e.g., aralkyl, heteroaralkyl), C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆ 14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(dd) groups, and wherein R^(aa), R^(bb), R^(cc) and R^(dd) are as defined herein. Amino protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

For example, amino protecting groups such as amide groups (e.g., —C(═O)R^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N′-dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine derivative, o-nitrobenzamide and o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide.

Amino protecting groups such as carbamate groups (e.g., —C(═O)OR^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC), 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc), 1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2′- and 4′-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz), p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxycarbonylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p-(p′-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate.

Amino protecting groups such as sulfonamide groups (e.g., —S(═O)₂R^(aa)) include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide, 4-(4′,8′-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS), benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide.

Other amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl derivative, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl derivative, N′-phenylaminothiocarbonyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM), N-3-acetoxypropylamine, N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine, N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr), N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr), N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF), N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N′-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine, N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine, N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine, N—(N′,N′-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N′-isopropylidenediamine, N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine, N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine, N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine, N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine, N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative, N-[phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium- or tungsten)carbonyl]amine, N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfenamide, and 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys).

These and other exemplary substituents are described in more detail in the Detailed Description, the Examples and in the claims. The invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the above exemplary listing of substituents.

As used herein, a “leaving group” is an art-understood term referring to a molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage, wherein the molecular fragment is an anion or neutral molecule. See, for example, Smith, March Advanced Organic Chemistry 6th ed. (501-502). Exemplary leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halo (e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo) and sulfonyl substituted hydroxyl groups (e.g., tosyl, mesyl, besyl).

As used herein, a “polymer” refers to a compound comprised of at least 3 (e.g., at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, etc.) repeating covalently bound structural units.

As used herein, an “organic molecule” is a molecule comprising carbon, and encompasses large organic molecules and small organic molecules, as defined herein. The organic molecule may also comprise a metal. In this instance, the organic molecule is also referred to as an “organometallic compound.”

As used herein, a “small organic molecule” or “small molecule” refers to an organic molecule with a molecular weight of less than 800 g/mol (e.g., less than 700 g/mol, less than 600 g/mol, less than 500 g/mol, less than 400 g/mol, less than 300 g/mol, less than 200 g/mol, less than 100 g/mol, between 50 to 800 g/mol, inclusive, between 100 to 800 g/mol, inclusive, or between 100 to 500 g/mol, inclusive). In certain embodiments, the small organic molecule is a therapeutically active agent such as a drug (e.g., a small organic molecule approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)). The small organic molecule may also comprise a metal. In this instance, the small organic molecule is also referred to as an “small organometallic molecule.”

As used herein, a “large organic molecule” or “large molecule” refers to an organic compound with a molecular weight of greater than or equal to 800 g/mol (e.g., greater than 800 g/mol, greater than 900 g/mol, greater than 1000 g/mol, greater than 2000 g/mol, between 800 to 2000 g/mol, inclusive, between 1000 to 2000 g/mol, inclusive, or between 800 to 1000 g/mol, inclusive). In certain embodiments, the large organic molecule is a therapeutically active agent such as a drug (e.g., a large organic molecule approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)). The large organic molecule may also comprise a metal. In this instance, the large organic molecule is also referred to as an “large organometallic compound.”

As used herein, an “inorganic molecule” is a molecule which comprises elements other than carbon, and encompasses large inorganic molecules and small inorganic molecules, as defined herein. If an inorganic molecule comprises a transition metal, it is also referred to herein as a “metal.”

As used herein, a “small inorganic molecule” refers to an inorganic compound with a molecular weight of less than 800 g/mol (e.g., less than 700 g/mol, less than 600 g/mol, less than 500 g/mol, less than 400 g/mol, less than 300 g/mol, less than 200 g/mol, less than 100 g/mol, between 50 to 800 g/mol, inclusive, between 100 to 800 g/mol, inclusive, or between 100 to 500 g/mol, inclusive). In certain embodiments, the small inorganic molecule is a therapeutically active agent such as a drug (e.g., a small inorganic molecule approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)).

As used herein, a “large inorganic molecule” refers to an inorganic compound with a molecular weight of greater than or equal to 800 g/mol (e.g., greater than 800 g/mol, greater than 900 g/mol, greater than 1000 g/mol, greater than 2000 g/mol, between 800 to 2000 g/mol, inclusive, between 1000 to 2000 g/mol, inclusive, or between 800 to 1000 g/mol, inclusive). In certain embodiments, the large inorganic molecule is a therapeutically active agent such as a drug (e.g., a large inorganic molecule approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)).

As used herein, the term “salt” or “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C₁₋₄alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts formed from the quarternization of an amine using an appropriate electrophile, e.g., an alkyl halide, to form a quarternized alkylated amino salt.

As used herein, use of the phrase “at least one instance” refers to one instance, but also encompasses more than one instance, e.g., for example, from 1 instance to 50 instances.

“Molar mass averages”: Different average values (e.g., M_(n), M_(w), M_(v) and M_(z)) can be defined depending upon the statistical method that is applied. The weighted mean can be taken with the weight fraction, the mole fraction, or the volume fraction (see, e.g., R. J. Young and P. A. Lovell, Introduction to Polymers, 1991, incorporated herein by reference).

Dispersity (D) M_(w)/M_(n) Number average molar mass (M_(n)) $M_{n} = \frac{\Sigma\; M_{i}N_{i}}{{\Sigma N}_{i}}$ Weight average molar mass (M_(w)) $M_{w} = \frac{\Sigma\; M_{i}{\,^{2}N_{i}}}{{\Sigma M}_{i}N_{i}}$ Z average molar mass (M_(z)) $M_{z} = \frac{\Sigma\; M_{i}{\,^{3}N_{i}}}{{\Sigma M}_{i}{\,^{2}N_{i}}}$ Viscosity average molar mass (M_(v)) $M_{v} = \left\lbrack \frac{\Sigma\; M_{i}{{}_{}^{1 + a}{}_{}^{}}}{{\Sigma M}_{i}{\, N_{i}}} \right\rbrack^{1/a}$ wherein “a” is the exponent in the Mark-Houwink equation

“Dispersity”: Dispersity (D) is a measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample and is calculated by dividing the weight average molar mass (M_(w)) by the number average molar mass (M_(n)). The dispersity of a given sample can have a value equal to or greater than 1. As the polymer chains approach uniform chain length, the dispersity approaches unity (1). The dispersity of a polymer can be modified, for example, using polymer fractionation (e.g., preparative SEC, Baker-Williams fractionation, continuous spin fractionation), or modifying the work-up procedure (e.g., by partially dissolving a polymer, an insoluble high molar mass fraction may be filtered off resulting in a large reduction in M_(w) and a small reduction in M_(n), thus reducing polydispersity).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1U. FIGS. 1A-1R depict PEI and aza-macrocycle precursors (FIG. 1A); a general synthetic method for the conjugation of various epoxide-terminated groups to the precursors (FIG. 1B); exemplary conjugated LPEI₆₀₀ polymers synthesized according to the present method (FIG. 1C); exemplary conjugated BPEI₁₈₀₀ polymers synthesized according to the present method (FIG. 1D); exemplary conjugated aza-macrocycles synthesized according to the present method (FIGS. 1E-1F); and NMR characterization of exemplary conjugated lipomers [FIGS. 1G-1U: ¹H NMR (500 MHz) spectra of 2J1 (FIG. 1G), 3I3 (FIG. 1H), 3I7 (FIG. 1I), 5H7 (FIG. 1J), 7C1 (FIG. 1K), 4C4 (FIG. 1L), 4C8 (FIG. 1M), 4D5 (FIG. 1N), 4D9 (FIG. 1O), 6B10 (FIG. 1P), 6C1 (FIG. 1Q), 7H4 (FIG. 1R), 7H8 (FIG. 1S), 7H10 (FIG. 1T), and 7I1 (FIG. 1U)].

FIGS. 2A-2B demonstrate that non-toxic efficacy increases with lipomer:siRNA mass ratios (MR) up to 15 in HeLa cells. A library of 750 compounds was tested, of which a select subset reduced gene expression. FIG. 2A: Target gene expression for 750 lipomers tested at four different mass ratios at a dosage of 45 ng/well (20 nM). More lipomers reduce gene expression at a mass ratio of 10 and 15 than 5 and 2.5, as indicated by a larger curve “shoulder”. FIG. 2B: Average target (Firefly) and off-target (Renilla) expression for 200 lipomers tested against HeLa cells at a dose of 45 ng/well. Target gene expression decreases from 78% to 63% as mass ratio increases, while off-target expression remains fairly constant, changing from 88% to 86%.

FIG. 3 depicts the gene expression data for seventeen lipomers screened against HeLa, qBEND.3 and HMVEC cells in vitro. The lipomer:siRNA mass ratio was 15 and siRNA dosing was 30 nM. All lipomers studied reduced gene expression in at least one cell line by 80% at this dose, indicating a high degree of in vitro potency, and driving subsequent interest for in vivo testing.

FIGS. 4A-4B depict the dose response of lipomers 7C1, 6C1 and 6C8 in qBEND.3 murine endothelial cells. FIG. 4A: Tie2 expression shows a dose response profile suggesting an IC₅₀ concentration between 6.0 and 1.5 nM, indicating a high degree of in vitro potency. FIG. 4B: Control gene GapDH expression remains constant at all doses, indicative of negligible off-target effects.

FIGS. 5A-5B. FIG. 5A depicts the size of lipomers 317 and 7H8 during the formulation process. Before siRNA is added, lipomer particle size is stable at pH 5.3. Particle size remains stable after addition of siRNA at low pH. After dialysis to pH 7.4, 317 lipomer particle size increases while 7H8 lipomer particle size remains constant. Particle size varied from 20 to 130 nm, sizes which are known to increase nanoparticle efficacy (Peer et al. Nature nanotechnology (2007)2: 751-760). FIG. 5B: 6C1 diameter measured over a period of 18 hours after formulation with cholesterol and conjugation to siRNA. Consistent lipomer particle size indicates that lipomer particles are stable overnight at temperatures ranging from 4° C. to 40° C.

FIG. 6 depicts Factor 7 in vivo expression after tail-vein injection of lipomers 6C1 and 6C8. Lipomers were formulated with cholesterol at a lipomer: cholesterol mole ratio of 100:35, but without C₁₆-PEG. 6C1 was tested at two lipomer: siRNA mass ratios, 15:1 and 10:1. As seen during the in vitro assays, 15:1 mass ratios resulted in higher knockdown. 6C1 reduced gene expression by 64% while 6C8 did not reduced gene expression in vivo. Importantly, these results indicate that lipomers can deliver siRNA effectively in vivo when delivered systemically.

FIG. 7 depicts the relative expression of Factor 7 after systemic dosing with 2 mg/kg siRNA. In this study, lipomers were formulated with cholesterol and C₁₆-PEG such that the Lipomer:Cholesterol:PEG molar ratio was 100:35:25. The lipomer: siRNA mass ratio was held constant at 15:1. Lipomers were then injected via the tail vein, and Factor 7 expression was measured 48 hours later. Several lipomers were shown to decrease in vivo Factor 7 expression, suggesting that in vivo success was not limited to 6C1 and that other lipomer compounds could reduce gene expression in vivo.

FIG. 8 depicts in vivo gene expression of Factor 7. Lipomer 7H6 reduced gene expression by 66% systemic injection into mice at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. When 7H6 was combined with a luciferase targeting siRNA, it did not reduce F7 expression, that the gene expression is reduced by siRNA action and not toxicity. This lipomer reduced gene expression by 35% in the study described in FIG. 7.

FIGS. 9A-9B depict the in vivo reduction of tumor gene expression in a subcutaneous tumor model. Mice were injected with luciferase expressing tumor cells subcutaneously and tumors were allowed to grow for two weeks. Before injection of siRNA, luciferase expression was measured, and used as baseline. FIG. 9A: When dosed systemically 1.5 mg/kg of siRNA complexed to lipomer 7H6, luciferase tumor expression was reduced by 51%, indicating that lipomers successfully delivered siRNA into tumor cells. Importantly, the gene expression was reduced after tail vein injection instead of intratumoral injection, since intratumoral injections have limited clinical relevance (if a clinician can inject into a tumor, they often can remove it). FIG. 9B: Tumor before and after injection with 7H6 targeting luciferase expression. Tumor gene expression is markedly reduced.

FIGS. 10A-10B depict the biodistribution of three different successful lipomers (7H6, 711 and 317) evaluated using Cy5.5 labeled siRNA (AllStars Control siRNA, Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). Mice were injected with Cy5.5 siRNA (2.5 mg/kg) via the tail vein and sacrificed 1 or 14 hours later. Major organs were harvested and fluorescently imaged to evaluate distribution of Cy5.5 siRNA nanoparticles at 670 (ex. 670 nm, em. 710 nm) using an IVIS imaging system. Lipomers were found in the liver, spleen, kidney lungs and near the injection point. This indicates that they may be used for a variety of ailments, both systemic and within different organs. Since many siRNA delivery vehicles hone primarily to the liver, the delivery to lungs and kidneys may present new clinical targets.

FIG. 11 depicts particle size before and after conjugation of siRNA at a pH of 5.3 (before dialysis). Nanoparticles are kept from aggregating by repulsive factors including steric and electrostatic forces. Upon conjugation of siRNA, electrostatic forces may be reduced, which can lead to aggregation. However, many particles showed stability even after conjugation of siRNA. Note that together, FIGS. 11-15 demonstrate that the lipomer size, surface charge and chemical composition have been characterized. Importantly, different lipomers have different physical properties, making them ideal for different types of applications. As an example, small particles with diameters below 50 nm may be well suited for kidney delivery while larger particles may be better for delivery of genetic material to the lung.

FIGS. 12A-12B depict particle size (FIG. 12A) and surface charge (FIG. 12B) (zeta potential) before and after conjugation of siRNA at pH of 5.3, and after dialysis to a pH of 7.4. FIG. 12A: 7H8 size remained constant after the addition of siRNA and after extrusion, suggesting that electrostatic interactions are less important for particle stability. In contrast, 317 size was variable, particularly after dialysis, indicating that this particle could be useful for applications where pH-triggered physical transformations are needed. Both lipomers formed particles under 200 nm, suggesting they would be ideal for biological applications. FIG. 12B: In both cases, the zeta potential (a rough indicator of surface charge) of 7H8 and 317 decreased upon the addition of negatively charged siRNA. It became slightly negative after dialysis, indicating these particles may have reduced toxicity owing to high cationic profiles.

FIGS. 13A-13B demonstrate the effect of lipomer: siRNA mass ratio (mr) on the size (FIG. 13A) and zeta potential (FIG. 13B) of particles before and after dialysis. The diameter of 6C1 was found to be constant at mr=10 and 15. The lipomer: siRNA did not greatly influence size and zeta potential, indicating a high degree of physical stability.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides inventive conjugated polyethyleneimine polymers and conjugated aza-macrocycles (collectively referred to herein as “conjugated lipomers” or “lipomers”) containing one or more groups of the formula (iii):

wherein R³ and R⁴ are as defined herein.

The conjugated polyethyleneimine polymers are preferably prepared from low molecular weight linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) polymers, i.e., having a number average molar mass (Mn) of ≤2000 (i.e., approximately ≤2 kDa).

Also provided are compositions comprising the inventive conjugated lipomers, and methods of preparation and use.

Conjugated Polyethyleneimine Polymers and Preparation Thereof

The present invention provides novel conjugated polyethyleneimine polymers and methods of their preparation.

In one aspect, provided is a conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer of the Formula (II):

or salt thereof; wherein:

each instance of L¹ is independently selected from formulae:

provided that at least one L¹ is selected from formulae (iii);

n is an integer of between 3 to 45, inclusive;

each instance of R² is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine; or a group of the formula (iii′):

or the two R² groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;

each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a hydrophilic polymer;

each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen, acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

A is —N(R⁵)₂, wherein each instance of R⁵ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a group of the formula (iii′):

or two R⁵ groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and Z is hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or a group of the formula (iii′):

or Z and the nitrogen atom to which it is attached form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl group.

The inventive conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer of Formula (II), or salt thereof, is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula (I), or salt thereof (the “precursor polyethyleneimine polymer”), with one or more different epoxides of the formula (xii), e.g., provided below in Scheme I:

wherein each instance of R¹ is independently selected from hydrogen or a group of the formula (ii′):

and A, Z, L¹, R², R³, and n is as defined herein; provided that the number average molar mass (Mn) of the precursor polyethyleneimine polymer does not exceed 2000 g/mol (about 2 kDa).

Thus, it is understood that the number average molar mass (Mn) of the compound of Formula (II), as described herein, is approximately ≤2000 (i.e., approximately ≤2 kDa) after subtraction of the molecular weight of each instance of the group (iii′) attached thereto:

In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is prepared from low molecular weight precursor polyethyleneimine polymer, i.e., having a number average molar mass (Mn) of ≤2000 (i.e., approximately ≤2 kDa). In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is prepared from a precursor polyethyleneimine polymer having an number average molar mass (Mn) of less than 1900, less than 1800, less than 1700, less than 1600, less than 1500, less than 1400, less than 1300, less than 1200, less than 1100, less than 1000, less than 900, less than 800, or less than 700 g/mol. In certain embodiments, the precursor polyethyleneimine polymer has an number average molar mass (Mn) of between about 400 to about 2000, of between about 400 to about 1900, of between about 400 to about 1800, of between about 500 to about 1900, of between about 600 to about 1800 g/mol, of between about 600 to about 800, of between about 600 to about 700, of between about 700 to about 1800, of between about 800 to about 1800, of between about 900 to about 1800, or of between about 1000 to about 1800 g/mol, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) polymer, and at least one R¹ is of the formula (ii′); e.g., for example, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5, R¹ groups are of the formula (ii′). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) polymer, and each R¹ group is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I), neither R⁵, Z, nor R² is a group of the formula (iii′). For example, in certain embodiments of Formula (I),

each instance of R² is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine;

A is —N(R⁵)₂, wherein each instance of R⁵ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or the two R⁵ groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and

Z is hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or Z and the nitrogen atom to which it is attached form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl group.

In certain embodiments of Formula (I), A is —N(R⁵)₂, wherein at least one R⁵ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments of Formula (I) A is —N(R⁵)₂, wherein each R⁵ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments of Formula (I), Z is hydrogen.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments of Formula (II), either R⁵, Z, and/or R² can be a group of the formula (iii) provided that at least one R², R⁵ and/or Z is hydrogen in the precursor polyethyleneimine polymer. Thus, in certain embodiments of Formula (II), A is —N(R⁵)₂, wherein each instance of R⁵ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a group of the formula (iii′); or two R⁵ groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;

and Z is hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or a group of the formula (iii′); or Z and the nitrogen atom to which it is attached form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl group.

In certain embodiments of Formula (II), A is —N(R⁵)₂, wherein each instance of R⁵ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or a group of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments of Formula (II), A is —N(R⁵)₂, wherein each instance of R⁵ is independently hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or a group of the formula (iii′).

In certain embodiments of Formula (II), Z is hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or a group of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments of Formula (II), Z is hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or a group of the formula (iii′).

As generally defined above, n is an integer of between 3 to 45, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer of between 3 to 45, between 5 to 45, between 7 to 45, between 9 to 45, between 10 to 45, between 11 to 45, between 12 to 45, between 13 to 45, between 14 to 45, between 5 to 40, between 5 to 35, between 5 to 30, between 5 to 25, between 5 to 20, between 5 to 15, between 10 to 20, between 10 to 15, or between 40 to 45, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is 14. In certain embodiments, n is 43.

As generally defined above, each instance of R² is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine; or a group of the formula (iii′); or the two R² groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, each instance of R² is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine; or a group of the formula (iii′); or the two R² groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, each instance of R² is independently hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine; or a group of the formula (iii′); or the two R² groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, each instance of R² is independently hydrogen; a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine; or a group of the formula (iii′).

In certain embodiments, at least one R² is a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine.

As used herein, a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine refers to a group of the formula (iv):

wherein:

t is an integer of between 1 to 50, inclusive;

P is hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a group of the formula (iii′):

or P, R⁶, and the nitrogen atom to which it is attached form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl group; and

each instance of R⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen or a group of the formula (ii′) or (iii′):

wherein R², R³, and R⁴ are as defined herein; provided that the number average molar mass (Mn) of the precursor polyethyleneimine polymer does not exceed 2000 g/mol (about 2 kDa).

In certain embodiments, t is an integer of between 1 to 40, between 1 to 30, between 1 to 20, between 1 to 10, between 1 to 5, or between 1 to 3, inclusive.

In certain embodiments of formula (iv), each instance of R² is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine. For example, each instance of R⁶ may comprise any number of branched polyethyleneimine groups, e.g., exemplary non-limiting examples include:

wherein:

each instance of t′, t″, and t′″ is independently an integer of between 1 to 50, inclusive;

each instance of P′, P″, and P′″ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or a group of the formula (iii′):

or P′, P″, and P′″, the respective R⁶′, R⁶″, and R⁶′″, and the nitrogen atom to which both are attached independently forms a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl group; and

each instance of R⁶′, R⁶″, and R⁶′″, is independently hydrogen or a group of the formula (ii′) or (iii′):

wherein R²′ is as defined as R², defined herein; provided that the number average molar mass (Mn) of the precursor polyethyleneimine polymer does not exceed 2000 g/mol (about 2 kDa).

In the instance, wherein at least one R² is a substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine, the precursor polyethyleneimine polymer of the Formula (I) is a branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) polymer, as defined herein, wherein P and R⁶ of the precursor polyethyleneimine polymer of the Formula (I) are not a group of the formula (iii′). In this instance, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer further comprises at least one L¹ group of the formula (ii); e.g., 1 to 44, 1 to 40, 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 groups of the formula (ii). In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is prepared from a branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) polymer having an number average molar mass (Mn) of less than 2000 g/mol (approximately 2 kDa). In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is prepared from a branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) having an number average molar mass (Mn) of less than 1900, less than 1800, less than 1700, less than 1600, less than 1500, less than 1400, less than 1300, less than 1200, less than 1100, less than 1000, less than 900, less than 800, or less than 700 g/mol. In certain embodiments, the BPEI has an number average molar mass (Mn) of between about 400 to about 2000, of between about 400 to about 1900, of between about 400 to about 1800, of between about 500 to about 1900, of between about 600 to about 1800 g/mol, of between about 600 to about 800, of between about 600 to about 700, of between about 700 to about 1800, of between about 800 to about 1800, of between about 900 to about 1800, or of between about 1000 to about 1800 g/mol, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is prepared from a branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) polymer having an number average molar mass (Mn) of about 600 g/mol (BPEI₆₀₀). In this instance, in certain embodiments, n is 14.

In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is prepared from a branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) polymer having an number average molar mass (Mn) of about 1800 g/mol (BPEI₁₈₀₀). In this instance, in certain embodiments, n is 43.

In certain embodiments, the precursor polyethyleneimine polymer is a linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI), as defined herein. In this instance, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer does not comprise an L¹ group of the formula (ii). In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is prepared from a linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) having an number average molar mass (Mn) of less than 2000 g/mol (approximately 2 kDa). In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is prepared from a linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) having an number average molar mass (Mn) of less than 1900, less than 1800, less than 1700, less than 1600, less than 1500, less than 1400, less than 1300, less than 1200, less than 1100, less than 1000, less than 900, less than 800, or less than 700 g/mol. In certain embodiments, the LPEI has an number average molar mass (Mn) of between about 400 to about 2000, of between about 400 to about 1900, of between about 400 to about 1800, of between about 500 to about 1900, of between about 600 to about 1800 g/mol, of between about 600 to about 800, of between about 600 to about 700, of between about 700 to about 1800, of between about 800 to about 1800, of between about 900 to about 1800, or of between about 1000 to about 1800 g/mol, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the LPEI polymer having an number average molar mass (Mn) of about 600 g/mol (LPEI₆₀₀). In this instance, in certain embodiments, n is 14.

In certain embodiments, the LPEI polymer having an number average molar mass (Mn) of about 1800 g/mol (LPEI₁₈₀₀). In this instance, in certain embodiments, n is 43.

As generally defined above, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises at least one instance (e.g., 1 to 44, 1 to 40, 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 instances) of a group of the formula (iii):

wherein each instance of R³ provided in the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a hydrophilic polymer; and

each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen, acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

As generally defined above, each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a hydrophilic polymer.

In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; or a hydrophilic polymer.

In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or a hydrophilic polymer.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₅₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀alkyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted alkyl. Exemplary unsubstituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted alkyl. For example, in certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine substituents. Exemplary substituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to:

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted C₈₋₂₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted alkenyl.

Exemplary unsubstituted alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to:

Myristoleic —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₃, Palmitoliec —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₃, Sapienic —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₃, Oleic —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, Linoleic —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃, α-Linolenic —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃, Arachinodonic —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃, Eicosapentaenoic —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃, Erucic —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and Docosahexaenoic —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH—CH₂CH₃.

In embodiments, wherein R³ is defined as a C₆₋₅₀alkyl or C₆₋₅₀alkenyl groups, such groups are meant to encompass lipophilic groups (also referred to as a “lipid tail”). Lipophilic groups comprise a group of molecules that include fats, waxes, oils, fatty acids, and the like. Lipid tails present in these lipid groups can be saturated and unsaturated, depending on whether or not the lipid tail comprises double bonds. The lipid tail can also comprise different lengths, often categorized as medium (i.e., with tails between 7-12 carbons, e.g., C₇₋₁₂ alkyl or C₇₋₁₂ alkenyl), long (i.e., with tails greater than 12 carbons and up to 22 carbons, e.g., C₁₃₋₂₂ alkyl or C₁₃₋₂₂ alkenyl), or very long (i.e., with tails greater than 22 carbons, e.g., C₂₃₋₃₀ alkyl or C₂₃₋₃₀ alkenyl).

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₅₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heteroalkyl.

Exemplary unsubstituted heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to:

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heteroalkenyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heteroalkynyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted carbocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is hydrophilic polymer. As used herein, a “polymer” refers to a compound comprised of at least 3 (e.g., at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, etc.) repeating covalently bound structural units. By extension, a “hydrophilic polymer” is a polymer, as defined herein, further comprising at least one group (e.g., an oxygen, nitrogen, and/or sulfur atom) in the repeating structural unit capable of hydrogen bonding. The hydrophilic polymer is preferably biocompatible (i.e., non-toxic). Exemplary hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to, polypeptides (e.g., poly-L-lysine), cellulose polymers (e.g., hydroxyethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylc cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)), dextran polymers, polymaleic acid polymers, poly(acrylic acid) polymers, poly(vinylalcohol) polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymers, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) polymers.

In certain embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer is a polyethyleneglycol polymer, e.g., of the formula (v):

wherein:

R⁷ is hydrogen; acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and

v is an integer between 3 to 400, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is a hydroxyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is a substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is an unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is —CH₃ (a “polyethyleneglycol monomethylether” polymer). In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, v is an integer between 3 to 300, 3 to 200, 3 to 100, 3 to 90, 3 to 80, 3 to 70, 3 to 60, 3 to 50, 5 to 50, 10 to 50, 15 to 50, 20 to 50, 20 to 40, 20 to 30, 20 to 25, 30 to 50, and 40 to 50, inclusive. PEG₁₀₀₀ corresponds, on average, to a v of about 22.7, wherein R⁷ is —OCH₃. PEG₂₀₀₀ corresponds, on average, to a v of about 45.4.

In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is ≤10,000. In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is ≤10,000, ≤9000, ≤8000, ≤7000, ≤6000, ≤5000, ≤4000, ≤3000, or ≤2000. In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is between about 100 to about 10,000, inclusive; e.g., between about 100 to about 5000, between about 100 to about 4000, between about 100 to about 3000, between about 100 to about 2500, between about 100 to about 2000, between about 100 to about 1500, between about 100 to about 1000, between about 100 to about 900, between about 100 to about 800, between about 100 to about 700, between about 100 to about 600, between about 100 to about 500, between about 100 to about 400, between about 100 to about 300, between about 100 to about 200, between about 100 to about 1500, between about 2500 to about 10000, between about 2500 to about 9000, between about 2500 to about 8000, between about 2500 to about 7000, between about 2500 to about 6000, between about 2500 to about 5000, between about 2500 to about 4000, or between about 2500 to about 3000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is 1000 (PEG₁₀₀₀). In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is 2000 (PEG₂₀₀₀). A 1:1 mixture of PEG₁₀₀₀ and PEG₂₀₀₀ is referred to herein as PEG_(1.5K).

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a hydrophilic polymer, and at least one instance of R³ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

As used herein, when the group R³ is depicted as bisecting a carbon-carbon bond, e.g., of the group of the formula (iii), it is understood that R³ may be substituted at either carbon.

Nucleophilic attack of an amino group of the polyethyleneimine polymer at the least sterically hindered carbon of the epoxide provides a group of the formula (iii-a) (route a), while nucleophilic attack at the more sterically hindered carbon of the epoxide provides a group of the formula (iii-b) (route b), wherein R⁴ is hydrogen; see, e.g., the “conjugation reaction” of Scheme II.

It is understood that compounds of the present invention may comprise a mixture of products attached thereto arising from route (a) and route (b) depending on the preference, or lack thereof, of the mode of addition, and that formulae that depict this bisecting bond may comprise a mixture of compounds. The bisecting group R³ depicted in the formulae seeks to encompasses all contemplated modes of addition.

The resulting hydroxyl moiety of the formula (iii-a) or (iii-b), wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, can optionally be converted to a substituted hydroxyl, wherein R⁴ is a group other than hydrogen, i.e., is independently selected from acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; using conventional methods. Alkylation, acylation, and/or protection of a hydroxyl moiety are well-known in the art; see, e.g., Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999; Smith and March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5^(th) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.

For example, in certain non-limiting embodiments, the hydroxyl moiety is reacted with an electrophile of the formula R⁴—X wherein R⁴ is a group other than hydrogen, and X is a leaving group, to provide a substituted hydroxyl group in formula (iii).

In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁴ is hydrogen.

It is understood from the present disclosure that the group of formula (iii) represents a group of formula (iii-a) or a group of formula (iii-b):

In certain embodiments, the conjugation reaction depicted in Scheme II results in a mixture comprising more lipomers conjugated to a group of formula (iii-a) than to a group of formula (iii-b), e.g., the reaction mixture comprises greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 99%, between about 60% to about 100%, between about 70% to about 100%, between about 80% to about 100%, between about 90% to about 100%, between about 95% to about 100%, or between about 99% to about 100%, of a conjugated lipomer attached to a group of formula (iii-a).

In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture comprises only conjugated lipomers attached to a group formula (iii-a).

In certain embodiments, the epoxide is chiral, i.e., having (R) or (S) stereochemistry. In this instance, in certain embodiments, the conjugation reaction depicted in Scheme II provides a chiral conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer. Chirality in a polymer can be characterized in a variety of ways, e.g., obtaining the optical rotation and/or NMR analysis after chemical modification of the optically active polymer with a chiral derivatizing agent are methods useful in evaluating the chirality of a polymer.

In certain embodiments, wherein the epoxide is chiral, the conjugation reaction depicted in Scheme II results in a mixture comprising more lipomers conjugated to a group of formula (R)-(iii-a) than to a group of formula (S)-(iii-a), e.g., the reaction mixture comprises greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 99%, between about 60% to about 100%, between about 70% to about 100%, between about 80% to about 100%, between about 90% to about 100%, between about 95% to about 100%, or between about 99% to about 100%, of a conjugated lipomer attached to a group of formula (R)-(iii-a).

In certain embodiments, reaction mixture comprises only conjugated lipomers attached to a group formula (R)-(iii-a).

In certain embodiments, wherein the epoxide is chiral, the conjugation reaction depicted in Scheme II results in a mixture comprising more lipomers conjugated to a group of formula (S)-(iii-a) than formula (R)-(iii-a), e.g., the reaction mixture comprises greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 99%, between about 60% to about 100%, between about 70% to about 100%, between about 80% to about 100%, between about 90% to about 100%, between about 95% to about 100%, or between about 99% to about 100%, of a conjugated lipomer attached to a group of formula (S)-(iii-a).

In certain embodiments, reaction mixture comprises only conjugated lipomers attached to a group formula (S)-(iii-a).

In certain embodiments, wherein one epoxide is used in the conjugation reaction, each instance of R³ is the same in the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer. For example, in certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is the same wherein R³ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is the same wherein R³ is an unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is the same wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁. In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is the same wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, and —C₁₆H₃₃.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments, wherein more than one epoxide is used in the conjugation reaction (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten different epoxides), the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises two or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten) different R³ groups.

For example, in certain embodiments, two different epoxides are used in the conjugation reaction. In this instance, in certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises two different R³ groups. For example, in certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises a mixture of two different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and the second R³ group is a hydrophilic polymer (e.g., a polyethyleneglycol polymer). In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises a mixture of two different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is an unsubstituted alkyl, and the second R³ group is a polyethyleneglycol polymer. In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises a mixture of two different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁, and the second R³ group is PEG₁₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises a mixture of two different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁, and the second R³ group is PEG₂₀₀₀.

In certain embodiments, three different epoxides are used in the conjugation reaction. In this instance, in certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises three different R³ groups. For example, in certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises a mixture of three different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, the second R³ group is a first hydrophilic polymer (e.g., a polyethyleneglycol polymer, e.g., PEG₁₀₀₀), and the third R³ group is a second hydrophilic polymer (e.g., a different polyethyleneglycol polymer, e.g., PEG₂₀₀₀). In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises a mixture of three different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is an unsubstituted alkyl, the second R³ group is PEG₁₀₀₀, and the third R³ group is PEG₂₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises a mixture of three different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁, the second R³ group is PEG₁₀₀₀, and the third R³ group is PEG₂₀₀₀. In certain embodiments a 1:1 mixture of PEG₁₀₀₀ and PEG₂₀₀₀ is used. In this instance, the mixture of the second R³ group and the third R³ group are referred to herein as PEG_(1.5K).

In certain embodiments, the conjugated polymer comprises more of formula (iii) than of formula (i). For example, in certain embodiments, the ratio of groups of the formulae (i) to (iii) is between about 0:10 to about 9:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of groups of the formulae (i) to (iii) is between about 0:10 to about 9:10; between about 1:10 to about 8:10; between about 1:10 to about 7:10; between about 1:10 to about 6:10; between about 1:10 to about 5:10; or between about 2:10 to about 4:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of groups of the formulae (i) to (iii) is between about 3:10 to about 4:10, inclusive.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the conjugated polymer comprises more of formula (i) than of formula (iii). For example, in certain embodiments, the ratio of groups of the formulae (iii) to (i) is between about 0:10 to about 9:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of groups of the formulae (iiii) to (i) is between about 0:10 to about 9:10; between about 1:10 to about 8:10; between about 1:10 to about 7:10; between about 1:10 to about 6:10; between about 1:10 to about 5:10; or between about 2:10 to about 4:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of groups of the formulae (iii) to (i) is between about 3:10 to about 4:10, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, wherein the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises two different R³ groups, the ratio of the second R³ group to the first R³ group is between about 0.01:10 to about 10:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the second R³ group to the first R³ group is between about 0.02:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.03:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.04:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.05:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.06:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.07:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 9:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 8:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 7:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 6:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 5:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 4:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 3:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 2:10; or between about 0.08:10 to about 1:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the second R³ group to the first R³ group is about 0.1:10.

In certain embodiments, wherein the conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer comprises three different R³ groups, the ratio of the sum of the second and third R³ groups to the first R³ group is between about 0.01:10 to about 10:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the sum of the second and third R³ groups to the first R³ group is 0.02:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.03:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.04:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.05:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.06:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.07:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 9:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 8:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 7:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 6:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 5:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 4:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 3:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 2:10; or between about 0.08:10 to about 1:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the sum of the second and third R³ groups to the first R³ group is about 0.1:10.

Exemplary conjugated polyethyleneimine polymers of the Formula (II) include, but are not limited to, any of the following LPEI conjugated polymers and BPEI conjugated polymers, or salts thereof, provided in Tables 1 and 2, defining the one or more L₁ groups present along the polymer backbone.

TABLE 1 LPEI conjugated polymers (i) (iii) (iii) 1 —

— 2

— 3

4 —

5 —

— 6

— 7

8 —

9 —

— 10

— 11

12 —

13 —

— 14

— 15

16 —

17 —

— 18

— 19

20 —

21 —

— 22

— 23

24 —

25 —

— 26

— 27

28 —

29 —

— 30

— 31

32 —

33 —

— 34

— 35

36 —

TABLE 2 BPEI conjugated polymers (i) (ii) (iii) (iii) 1 —

— 2

— 3

4 —

5 —

— 6

— 7

8 —

9 —

— 10

— 11

12 —

13 —

— 14

— 15

16 —

17 —

— 18

— 19

20 —

21 —

— 22

— 23

24 —

25 —

— 26

— 27

28 —

29 —

— 30

— 31

32 —

33 —

— 34

— 35

36 —

Conjugated Aza-Macrocycles and Preparation Thereof

The present invention further provides conjugated aza-macrocycles; i.e., of the Formula (IV):

or salt thereof; wherein:

each instance of L³ is independently selected from:

provided that the aza-macrocycle contains at least one group selected from (vi), (vii) or (viii);

each instance of R⁸ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or

provided the aza-macrocycle contains at least one group of the formula (iii′);

each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a hydrophilic polymer;

each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen, acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each instance of m and p is independently 0, 1 or 2;

q is an integer selected from 2, 3, or 4; and

the dashed curved line, together with G and Y, is a covalent bond or a group of the formula:

wherein s is 0, 1, or 2.

The conjugated aza-macrocyle, or salt thereof, is prepared similarly to the above described method of preparing a conjugated polyethyleneimine polymer, i.e., by contacting a compound of Formula (III), or salt thereof (an “aza-macrocycle precursor”) with one or more different epoxides; e.g. as provided below in Scheme IV.

wherein each instance of L² is independently selected from:

provided that the aza-macrocycle precursor contains at least one group selected from (vi), (vii) or (viii); and wherein R⁸, m, p, G, Y, and the dashed curved line, are as defined herein, and further provided that the aza-macrocycle precursor has at least one R⁸ group which is hydrogen.

Exemplary “aza-macrocycle precursors” are depicted in FIG. 1A. In certain embodiments, the aza-macrocycle precursor is a cyclic structure having from 10 to 30 ring members, inclusive; e.g., from 10 to 20 ring members, inclusive, or from 12 to 18 ring members, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the aza-macrocycle precursor is a 10-membered ring, an 11-membered ring, a 12-membered ring, a 13-membered ring, a 14-membered ring, a 15-membered ring, a 16-membered ring, a 17-membered ring, or an 18-membered ring. By extension, the conjugated aza-macrocycle, prepared therefrom, is also a cyclic structure having from 10 to 30 ring members, inclusive; e.g., from 10 to 20 ring members, inclusive, or from 12 to 18 ring members, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle is a 10-membered ring, an 11-membered ring, a 12-membered ring, a 13-membered ring, a 14-membered ring, a 15-membered ring, a 16-membered ring, a 17-membered ring, or an 18-membered ring.

In certain embodiments of Formula (III), R⁸ is not a group of the formula (iii′). Thus, in certain embodiments of Formula (III), each instance of R⁸ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; provided that at least one R⁸ group is hydrogen. In certain embodiments of Formula (III), each instance of R⁸ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments of Formula (III), each instance of R⁸ is hydrogen.

Alternatively, the conjugated aza-macrocycle of Formula (IV) requires that at least one R⁸ group is of the formula (iii′). Thus, in certain embodiments, each instance of R⁸ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; or a group of the formula (iii′), provided the aza-macrocycle contains at least one group of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁸ is independently selected from hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; or a group of the formula (iii′), provided the aza-macrocycle contains at least one group of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁸ is independently selected from hydrogen or a group of the formula (iii′), provided the aza-macrocycle contains at least one group of the formula (iii′).

In certain embodiments, at least one R⁸ group of the aza-macrocycle is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R⁸ group of the aza-macrocycle is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R⁸ groups of the aza-macrocycle are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, three R⁸ groups of the aza-macrocycle are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, four R⁸ groups of the aza-macrocycle are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, 1 to 9 R⁸ groups provided in the aza-macrocycle is a group of the formula (iii′); e.g., 1 to 9; 1 to 8; 1 to 7; 1 to 6; 1 to 5; 1 to 4; 1 to 3; 1 to 2 R⁸ groups, inclusive, are of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments, 1 R⁸ group of the aza-macrocycle is of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments, 2 R⁸ groups of the aza-macrocycle are groups of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments, 3 R⁸ groups of the aza-macrocycle are groups of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments, 4 R⁸ groups of the aza-macrocycle are groups of the formula (iii′). In certain embodiments, all of the R⁸ groups of the aza-macrocycle are groups of the formula (iii′).

In certain embodiments, the ratio of —NH— to —NR⁸— groups provided in the aza-macrocycle, wherein R⁸ is a group of the formula (iii′), is between about 90:10 to about 0:100.

As generally defined above, each instance of R³ is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a hydrophilic polymer. In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; or a hydrophilic polymer. In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or a hydrophilic polymer.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₅₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀alkyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted alkyl. Exemplary unsubstituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted alkyl. For example, in certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine substituents. Exemplary substituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to:

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted C₈₋₂₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted alkenyl.

Exemplary unsubstituted alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to:

Myristoleic —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₃CH₃, Palmitoliec —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₅CH₃, Sapienic —(CH₂)₄CH═CH(CH₂)₈CH₃, Oleic —(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, Linoleic —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃, α-Linolenic —(CH₂)₇CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃, Arachinodonic —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH(CH₂)₄CH₃, Eicosapentaenoic —(CH₂)₃CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH₃, Erucic —(CH₂)₁₁CH═CH(CH₂)₇CH₃, and Docosahexaenoic —(CH₂)₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CHCH₂CH═CH—CH₂CH₃.

In embodiments, wherein R³ is defined as a C₆₋₅₀alkyl or C₆₋₅₀alkenyl groups, such groups are meant to encompass lipophilic groups (also referred to as a “lipid tail”). Lipophilic groups comprise a group of molecules that include fats, waxes, oils, fatty acids, and the like. Lipid tails present in these lipid groups can be saturated and unsaturated, depending on whether or not the lipid tail comprises double bonds. The lipid tail can also comprise different lengths, often categorized as medium (i.e., with tails between 7-12 carbons, e.g., C₇₋₁₂ alkyl or C₇₋₁₂ alkenyl), long (i.e., with tails greater than 12 carbons and up to 22 carbons, e.g., C₁₃₋₂₂ alkyl or C₁₃₋₂₂ alkenyl), or very long (i.e., with tails greater than 22 carbons, e.g., C₂₃₋₃₀ alkyl or C₂₃₋₃₀ alkenyl).

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₅₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heteroalkyl.

Exemplary unsubstituted heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to:

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heteroalkenyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₅₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₅₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₄₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₃₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₀ heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heteroalkynyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted carbocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted aryl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is an unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is hydrophilic polymer. As used herein, a “polymer” refers to a compound comprised of at least 3 (e.g., at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, etc.) repeating covalently bound structural units. By extension, a “hydrophilic polymer” is a polymer, as defined herein, further comprising at least one group (e.g., an oxygen, nitrogen, and/or sulfur atom) in the repeating structural unit capable of hydrogen bonding. The hydrophilic polymer is preferably biocompatible (i.e., non-toxic). Exemplary hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to, polypeptides (e.g., poly-L-lysine), cellulose polymers (e.g., hydroxyethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylc cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)), dextran polymers, polymaleic acid polymers, poly(acrylic acid) polymers, poly(vinylalcohol) polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymers, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) polymers.

In certain embodiments, the hydrophilic polymer is a polyethyleneglycol polymer, e.g., of the formula (v):

wherein:

R⁷ is selected from hydrogen; acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and

v is an integer between 3 to 400, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ is selected from hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is acyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is a hydroxyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is a substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is an unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is —CH₃ (a “polyethyleneglycol monomethylether” polymer). In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R⁷ is and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, v is an integer between 3 to 300, 3 to 200, 3 to 100, 3 to 90, 3 to 80, 3 to 70, 3 to 60, 3 to 50, 5 to 50, 10 to 50, 15 to 50, 20 to 50, 20 to 40, 20 to 30, 20 to 25, 30 to 50, and 40 to 50, inclusive. PEG₁₀₀₀ corresponds, on average, to a v of about 22.7, wherein R⁷ is —OCH₃. PEG₂₀₀₀ corresponds, on average, to a v of about 45.4.

In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is ≤10,000. In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is ≤10,000, ≤9000, ≤8000, ≤7000, ≤6000, ≤5000, ≤4000, ≤3000, or ≤2000. In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is between about 100 to about 10,000, inclusive; e.g., between about 100 to about 5000, between about 100 to about 4000, between about 100 to about 3000, between about 100 to about 2500, between about 100 to about 2000, between about 100 to about 1500, between about 100 to about 1000, between about 100 to about 900, between about 100 to about 800, between about 100 to about 700, between about 100 to about 600, between about 100 to about 500, between about 100 to about 400, between about 100 to about 300, between about 100 to about 200, between about 100 to about 1500, between about 2500 to about 10000, between about 2500 to about 9000, between about 2500 to about 8000, between about 2500 to about 7000, between about 2500 to about 6000, between about 2500 to about 5000, between about 2500 to about 4000, or between about 2500 to about 3000, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is 1000 (PEG₁₀₀₀). In certain embodiments, the number average molar mass (Mn) of the polyethyleneglycol polymer is 2000 (PEG₂₀₀₀). A 1:1 mixture of PEG₁₀₀₀ and PEG₂₀₀₀ is referred to herein as PEG_(1.5K).

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R³ is a hydrophilic polymer, and at least one instance of R³ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

As used herein, when the group R³ is depicted as bisecting a carbon-carbon bond, e.g., of the group of the formula (iii′), it is understood that R³ may be substituted at either carbon. It is understood from the present disclosure that the group of formula (iii′) represents a group of formula (iii′-a) or a group of formula (iii′-b). Nucleophilic attack of an amino group of the aza-macrocycle at the least sterically hindered carbon of the epoxide provides a group of the formula (iii′-a) (route a), while nucleophilic attack at the more sterically hindered carbon of the epoxide provides a group of the formula (iii′-b) (route b), wherein R⁴ is hydrogen; see, e.g., the “conjugation reaction” of Scheme V. It is thus understood that compounds of the present invention may comprise a mixture of products attached thereto arising from route (a) and route (b) depending on the preference, or lack thereof, of the mode of addition, and that formulae that depict this bisecting bond may comprise a mixture of compounds. The bisecting group R³ depicted in the formulae seeks to encompasses all contemplated modes of addition.

The resulting hydroxyl moiety of the formula (iii′-a) or (iii′-b), wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, can optionally be converted to a substituted hydroxyl, wherein R⁴ is a group other than hydrogen, i.e., is independently acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; using conventional methods. Alkylation, acylation, and/or protection of a hydroxyl moiety are well-known in the art; see, e.g., Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999; Smith and March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5^(th) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. For example, in certain non-limiting embodiments, the hydroxyl moiety is reacted with an electrophile of the formula R⁴—X wherein R⁴ is a group other than hydrogen and X is a leaving group to provide a substituted hydroxyl group in formula (iii′).

In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R⁴ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, the conjugation reaction depicted in Scheme V results in a mixture comprising more lipomers conjugated to a group of formula (iii′-a) than to a group of formula (iii′-b), e.g., the reaction mixture comprises greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 99%, between about 60% to about 100%, between about 70% to about 100%, between about 80% to about 100%, between about 90% to about 100%, between about 95% to about 100%, or between about 99% to about 100%, of a conjugated lipomer attached to a group of formula (iii′-a).

In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture comprises only conjugated lipomers attached to a group formula (iii′-a).

In certain embodiments, the epoxide is chiral, i.e., having (R) or (S) stereochemistry. In this instance, in certain embodiments, the conjugation reaction depicted in Scheme V provides a chiral conjugated aza-macrocycle.

In certain embodiments, wherein the epoxide is chiral, the conjugation reaction depicted in Scheme V results in a mixture comprising more lipomers conjugated to a group of formula (R)-(iii′-a) than to a group of formula (S)-(iii′-a), e.g., the reaction mixture comprises greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 99%, between about 60% to about 100%, between about 70% to about 100%, between about 80% to about 100%, between about 90% to about 100%, between about 95% to about 100%, or between about 99% to about 100%, of conjugated lipomer attached to a group of formula (R)-(iii′-a).

In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture comprises only conjugated lipomers attached to a group formula (R)-(iii′-a).

In certain embodiments, wherein the epoxide is chiral, the conjugation reaction depicted in Scheme V results in a mixture comprising more lipomers conjugated to a group of formula (S)-(iii′-a) than to a group of formula (R)-(iii′-a), e.g., the reaction mixture comprises greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 99%, between about 60% to about 100%, between about 70% to about 100%, between about 80% to about 100%, between about 90% to about 100%, between about 95% to about 100%, or between about 99% to about 100%, of a conjugated lipomer attached to a group of formula (S)-(iii′-a).

In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture comprises only conjugated lipomers attached to a group formula (S)-(iii′-a).

In certain embodiments, wherein one epoxide is used in the conjugation reaction, each instance of R³ is the same in the conjugated aza-macrocycle. For example, in certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is the same wherein R³ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is the same wherein R³ is an unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is the same wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁. In certain embodiments, each instance of R³ is the same wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, and —C₁₆H₃₃.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments, wherein more than one epoxide is used in the conjugation reaction (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten different epoxides), the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises two or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten) different R³ groups.

For example, in certain embodiments, two different epoxides are used in the conjugation reaction. In this instance, in certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises two different R³ groups. For example, in certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises a mixture of two different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and the second R³ group is a hydrophilic polymer (e.g., a polyethyleneglycol polymer, as defined herein). In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises a mixture of two different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is an unsubstituted alkyl, and the second R³ group is a polyethyleneglycol polymer. In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises a mixture of two different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁, and the second R³ group is PEG₁₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises a mixture of two different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁, and the second R³ group is PEG₂₀₀₀.

In certain embodiments, three different epoxides are used in the conjugation reaction. In this instance, in certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises three different R³ groups. For example, in certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises a mixture of three different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, the second R³ group is a first hydrophilic polymer (e.g., a polyethyleneglycol polymer, as defined herein), and the third R³ group is a second hydrophilic polymer (e.g., a different polyethyleneglycol polymer). In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises a mixture of three different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is an unsubstituted alkyl, the second R³ group is PEG₁₀₀₀, and the third R³ group is PEG₂₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises a mixture of three different R³ groups, wherein the first R³ group is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₄H₉, —C₅H₁₁, —C₆H₁₃, —C₇H₁₅, —C₈H₁₇, —C₉H₁₉, —C₁₀H₂₁, —C₁₁H₂₃, —C₁₂H₂₅, —C₁₃H₂₇, —C₁₄H₂₉, —C₁₅H₃₁, —C₁₆H₃₃, —C₁₇H₃₅, —C₁₈H₃₇, —C₁₉H₃₉, and —C₂₀H₄₁, the second R³ group is PEG₁₀₀₀, and the third R³ group is PEG₂₀₀₀.

In certain embodiments, wherein the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises two different R³ groups, the ratio of the second R³ group to the first R³ group is between about 0.01:10 to about 10:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the second R³ group to the first R³ group is between about 0.02:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.03:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.04:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.05:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.06:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.07:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 9:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 8:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 7:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 6:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 5:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 4:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 3:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 2:10; or between about 0.08:10 to about 1:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the second R³ group to the first R³ group is about 0.1:10.

In certain embodiments, wherein the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises three different R³ groups, the ratio of the sum of the second and third R³ groups to the first R³ group is between about 0.01:10 to about 10:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the sum of the second and third R³ groups to the first R³ group is 0.02:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.03:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.04:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.05:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.06:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.07:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 10:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 9:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 8:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 7:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 6:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 5:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 4:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 3:10; between about 0.08:10 to about 2:10; or between about 0.08:10 to about 1:10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the sum of the second and third R³ groups to the first R³ group is about 0.1:10.

As generally defined above, each instance of m and p is independently 0, 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, each instance of m is independently 0, 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, each instance of m is 1. In certain embodiments, each instance of m is 2. In certain embodiments, each instance of m is independently 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, each instance of p is independently 0, 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, each instance of p is 1. In certain embodiments, each instance of p is 2. In certain embodiments, each instance of p is independently 1 or 2.

As generally defined above, q is an integer 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, q is 2. In certain embodiments, q is 3. In certain embodiments, q is 2 or 3. In certain embodiments, q is 4.

As generally defined above, the dashed curved line, together with G and Y, is a covalent bond or a group of the formula:

wherein s is 0, 1, or 2.

In certain embodiments, the dashed curved line, together with G and Y, is a covalent bond.

In certain embodiments, the dashed curved line, together with G and Y, a group of the formula:

wherein s is 0, 1, or 2. In certain embodiments, s is 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, s is 1.

In certain embodiments, the dashed curved line, together with G and Y, a group of the formula:

wherein s is 0, 1, or 2. In certain embodiments, s is 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, s is 1.

As generally defined above, each instance of L³ is independently:

provided that the conjugated aza-macrocycle contains at least one group (vi), (vii) or (viii);

In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises at least one instance of the group of the formula (vi). In certain embodiments, each instance of L³ is a group of the formula (vi). For example, in this instance, the conjugated aza-macrocycle of the Formula (IV) is of the Formula (V), (VI), or (VII):

or salt thereof, wherein R⁸ is as defined herein.

In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises at least one instance of the group of the formula (vii), (viii), or (ix). In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises at least one instance of the group of the formula (vii). In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises at least one instance of the group of the formula (viii). In certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle comprises at least one instance of the group of the formula (ix). In these instances, in certain embodiments, the conjugated aza-macrocycle of the Formula (IV) is of the Formula (VIII) or (IX):

or salt thereof, wherein R⁸ is as defined herein.

Exemplary conjugated aza-macrocycles of the Formula (V) include, but are not limited to:

and salts thereof, wherein R³ is defined herein. In certain embodiments, R³ is a polyethyleglycol polymer. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₁₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₂₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG_(1.5K).

Exemplary conjugated aza-macrocycles of the Formula (VI) include, but are not limited to:

and salts thereof, wherein R³ is defined herein. In certain embodiments, R³ is a polyethyleglycol polymer. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₁₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₂₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG_(1.5K).

Exemplary conjugated aza-macrocycles of the Formula (VII) include, but are not limited to:

and salts thereof, wherein R³ is defined herein. In certain embodiments, R³ is a polyethyleglycol polymer. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₁₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₂₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG_(1.5K).

Exemplary conjugated aza-macrocycles of the Formula (VII) include, but are not limited to:

and salts thereof, wherein R³ is defined herein. In certain embodiments, R³ is a polyethyleglycol polymer. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₁₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₂₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG_(1.5K).

Exemplary conjugated aza-macrocycles of the Formula (VIII) include, but are not limited to:

and salts thereof, wherein R³ is defined herein. In certain embodiments, R³ is a polyethyleglycol polymer. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₁₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG₂₀₀₀. In certain embodiments, R³ is PEG_(1.5K). Additional Methods of Preparation

As described herein, preparation of both conjugated polyethyleneimine complexes and conjugated macrocycles (also referred to herein as “conjugated lipomers” or “lipomers”) is achieved using similar reaction conditions and reagents. In particular, the precursors are treated with one or more epoxide agents to provide the inventive conjugated lipomer. Each of the precursors is dissolved in an organic solvent (e.g., THF, CH₂Cl₂, MeOH, EtOH, CHCl₃, hexanes, toluene, benzene, CCl₄, glyme, diethyl ether, etc.), the one or more epoxides are added, and the reaction mixture is heated to yield the desired conjugated lipomer.

In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is heated to between about 50° C. to about 150° C. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is heated to about 90° C.

In certain embodiments, the epoxide is chiral. The chiral epoxides useful in the invention can be obtained from a variety of sources which are familiar to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis. In some embodiments, the chiral epoxides useful in the invention can be obtained commercially. In some embodiments, the chiral epoxides useful in the invention can be synthesized according to methods known to those of skill in the art, such as, but not limited to the Sharpless epoxidation of primary and secondary allylic alcohols into 2,3-epoxyalcohols (Katsuki et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 5974; Hill et al., Org. Syn., Coll. Vol. 7, p. 461 (1990); Vol. 63, p. 66 (1985); Katsuki et al., Org. React. 1996, 48, 1-300; incorporated herein by reference.) In some embodiments, the chiral epoxides useful in the invention are obtained from the resolution of racemic epoxides. In some embodiments, the chiral epoxides useful in the invention are obtained by the separation of enantiomers or diastereoisomers using chiral chromatography.

As would be appreciated by one of skill in this art, the degree of conjugation may be controlled by the reaction conditions (e.g., temperature, starting materials, concentration, solvent, etc.) used in the synthesis.

The synthesized conjugated lipomer may be purified by any technique known in the art including, but not limited to, precipitation, crystallization, chromatography, distillation, etc. In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomer is purified through repeated precipitations in organic solvent (e.g., diethyl ether, hexane, etc.).

In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomer is isolated as a salt. For example, in certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomer is reacted with an acid (e.g., an organic acid or inorganic acid) to form the corresponding salt. In other embodiments, the tertiary amine is alkylated to form a quaternary ammonium salt of the conjugated lipomer. The tertiary amines may be alkylated with any alkylating agent, for example, alkyl halides such as methyl iodide may be used to from the quaternary amino groups. The anion associated with the quaternary amine may be any organic or inorganic anion. Preferably, the anion is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

The invention also provides libraries of the inventive conjugated lipomers prepared by the inventive methods. These conjugated lipomers may be prepared and/or screened using high-throughput techniques involving liquid handlers, robots, microtiter plates, computers, etc. In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomers are screened for their ability to transfect polynucleotides or other agents (e.g., proteins, peptides, small molecules) into the cell.

In one embodiment, a library of different conjugated lipomers is prepared in parallel. A different precursor and/or epoxide is added to each vial in a set of vials or to each well of a multi-well plate used to prepare the library. The array of reaction mixtures is incubated at a temperature and length of time sufficient to allow formation of the conjugated lipomer. In one embodiment, the vials are incubated at approximately 90° C. overnight. In certain embodiments, the vials are incubated from 1 to 7 days at approximately 90° C. In certain embodiments, the vials are incubated from 3 to 4 days at approximately 90° C. In certain embodiments, the vials are incubated from 1 to 2 days at approximately 90° C. The conjugated lipomer may then be isolated and purified using techniques known in the art. The conjugated lipomer may then be screened using high-throughput techniques to identify conjugated lipomers with a desired characteristic (e.g., solubility in water, solubility at different pH, ability to bind polynucleotides, ability to bind heparin, ability to bind small molecules, ability to bind protein, ability to form microparticles, ability to increase tranfection efficiency, etc.). In certain embodiments the conjugated lipomers may be screened for properties or characteristics useful as coatings, additives, materials, and excipients in biotechnology and biomedical applications such as the coating of medical devices or implants with films or multilayer films, as non-biofouling agents, micropatterning agents, and cellular encapsulation agents. In certain embodiments the conjugated lipomer may be screened for properties or characteristics useful in gene therapy (e.g., ability to bind polynucleotides, increase in transfection efficiency) or the administration and/or delivery of therapeutic agents (e.g., polynucleotide, small molecule, antigen, drug, protein, peptide, etc.) to a subject, patient, tissue, organ, or cell, etc.

Polynucleotide Complexes

The inventive conjugated lipomers are particularly useful in the administration of polynucleotides. For example, the inventive conjugated lipomers possess tertiary amines, and although these amines are hindered, they are available to interact with a polynucleotide (e.g., DNA, RNA, synthetic analogs of DNA and/or RNA, DNA/RNA hydrids, etc.). Polynucleotides or derivatives thereof are contacted with the inventive conjugated lipomers under conditions suitable to form polynucleotide/lipomer complexes. The interaction of the lipomer with the polynucleotide is thought to at least partially prevent the degradation of the polynucleotide. By neutralizing the charge on the backbone of the polynucleotide, the neutral or slightly-positively-charged complex is also able to more easily pass through the hydrophobic membranes (e.g., cytoplasmic, lysosomal, endosomal, nuclear) of the cell. In certain embodiments, the complex is slightly positively charged. In certain embodiments, the complex has a positive ζ-potential, more preferably the ζ-potential is between 0 and +30.

The conjugated lipomer is preferably at least partially provided as a salt (i.e., is protonated) so as to form a complex with the negatively charged polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide/lipomer complexes form particles that are useful in the delivery of polynucleotides to cells. In certain embodiments, more than one conjugated lipomer may be associated with a polynucleotide molecule. For example, the complex may include 1-100 conjugated lipomers, 1-1000 conjugated lipomers, 10-1000 conjugated lipomers, or 100-10,000 conjugated lipomers.

In certain embodiments, the complex may form a particle. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles ranges from 10-500 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles ranges from 10-1200 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles ranges from 50-150 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles ranges from 10-500 nm, more preferably the diameter of the particles ranges from 10-1200 nm, and most preferably from 50-150 nm. The particles may be associated with a targeting agent as described below. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles ranges from 10-500 pm, more preferably the diameter of the particles ranges from 10-1200 pm, and most preferably from 50-150 pm. The particles may be associated with a targeting agent as described below. The film architecture is precisely designed and can be controlled to 1 nm precision with a range from 1 to 150000 nm and with a definite knowledge of its molecular composition.

The polynucleotide may be complexed, encapsulated by the inventive conjugated lipomers, or included in a composition comprising the inventive conjugated lipomers. The polynucleotide may be any nucleic acid including, but not limited to, RNA and DNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is DNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is RNA.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is an RNA that carries out RNA interference (RNAi). The phenomenon of RNAi is discussed in greater detail, for example, in the following references, each of which is incorporated herein by reference: Elbashir et al., 2001, Genes Dev., 15:188; Fire et al., 1998, Nature, 391:806; Tabara et al., 1999, Cell, 99:123; Hammond et al., Nature, 2000, 404:293; Zamore et al., 2000, Cell, 101:25; Chakraborty, 2007, Curr. Drug Targets, 8:469; and Morris and Rossi, 2006, Gene Ther., 13:553. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a dsRNA (double-stranded RNA). In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is an siRNA (short interfering RNA). In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is an shRNA (short hairpin RNA).

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is an miRNA (micro RNA). micro RNAs (miRNAs) are genomically encoded non-coding RNAs of about 21-23 nucleotides in length that help regulate gene expression, particularly during development (see, e.g., Bartel, 2004, Cell, 116:281; Novina and Sharp, 2004, Nature, 430:161; and U.S. Patent Publication 2005/0059005; also reviewed in Wang and Li, 2007, Front. Biosci., 12:3975; and Zhao, 2007, Trends Biochem. Sci., 32:189; each of which are incorporated herein by reference).

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is an antisense RNA.

In some embodiments, dsRNA, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA and/or antisense RNA can be designed and/or predicted using one or more of a large number of available algorithms. To give but a few examples, the following resources can be utilized to design and/or predict dsRNA, siRNA, shRNA, and/or miRNA: algorithms found at Alnylum Online, Dharmacon Online, OligoEngine Online, Molecula Online, Ambion Online, BioPredsi Online, RNAi Web Online, Chang Bioscience Online, Invitrogen Online, LentiWeb Online GenScript Online, Protocol Online; Reynolds et al., 2004, Nat. Biotechnol., 22:326; Naito et al., 2006, Nucleic Acids Res., 34:W448; Li et al., 2007, RNA, 13:1765; Yiu et al., 2005, Bioinformatics, 21:144; and Jia et al., 2006, BMC Bioinformatics, 7: 271; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

The polynucleotides may be of any size or sequence, and they may be single- or double-stranded. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is greater than 100 base pairs long. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is greater than 1000 base pairs long and may be greater than 10,000 base pairs long. The polynucleotide is optionally purified and substantially pure. Preferably, the polynucleotide is greater than 50% pure, more preferably greater than 75% pure, and most preferably greater than 95% pure. The polynucleotide may be provided by any means known in the art. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide has been engineered using recombinant techniques (for a more detailed description of these techniques, please see Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999); Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1989); each of which is incorporated herein by reference). The polynucleotide may also be obtained from natural sources and purified from contaminating components found normally in nature. The polynucleotide may also be chemically synthesized in a laboratory. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is synthesized using standard solid phase chemistry.

The polynucleotide may be modified by chemical or biological means. In certain embodiments, these modifications lead to increased stability of the polynucleotide. Modifications include methylation, phosphorylation, end-capping, etc.

Derivatives of polynucleotides may also be used in the present invention. These derivatives include modifications in the bases, sugars, and/or phosphate linkages of the polynucleotide. Modified bases include, but are not limited to, those found in the following nucleoside analogs: 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and 2-thiocytidine. Modified sugars include, but are not limited to, 2′-fluororibose, ribose, 2′-deoxyribose, 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyribose, 2′,3′-dideoxyribose, arabinose (the 2′-epimer of ribose), acyclic sugars, and hexoses. The nucleosides may be strung together by linkages other than the phosphodiester linkage found in naturally occurring DNA and RNA. Modified linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphorothioate and 5′-N-phosphoramidite linkages. Combinations of the various modifications may be used in a single polynucleotide. These modified polynucleotides may be provided by any means known in the art; however, as will be appreciated by those of skill in this art, the modified polynucleotides are preferably prepared using synthetic chemistry in vitro.

The polynucleotides to be delivered may be in any form. For example, the polynucleotide may be a circular plasmid, a linearized plasmid, a cosmid, a viral genome, a modified viral genome, an artificial chromosome, etc.

The polynucleotide may be of any sequence. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a protein or peptide. The encoded proteins may be enzymes, structural proteins, receptors, soluble receptors, ion channels, pharmaceutically active proteins, cytokines, interleukins, antibodies, antibody fragments, antigens, coagulation factors, albumin, growth factors, hormones, insulin, etc. The polynucleotide may also comprise regulatory regions to control the expression of a gene. These regulatory regions may include, but are not limited to, promoters, enhancer elements, repressor elements, TATA box, ribosomal binding sites, stop site for transcription, etc. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is not intended to encode a protein. For example, the polynucleotide may be used to fix an error in the genome of the cell being transfected.

The polynucleotide may also be provided as an antisense agent or RNA interference (RNAi) (Fire et al., Nature 391:806-811, 1998; incorporated herein by reference). Antisense therapy is meant to include, e.g., administration or in situ provision of single- or double-stranded oligonucleotides or their derivatives which specifically hybridize, e.g., bind, under cellular conditions, with cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA, or mutants thereof, so as to inhibit expression of the encoded protein, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation (Crooke “Molecular mechanisms of action of antisense drugs” Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1489(1):31-44, 1999; Crooke “Evaluating the mechanism of action of antiproliferative antisense drugs” Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 10(2):123-126, discussion 127, 2000; Methods in Enzymology volumes 313-314, 1999; each of which is incorporated herein by reference). The binding may be by conventional base pair complementarity, or, for example, in the case of binding to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix (i.e., triple helix formation) (Chan et al., J. Mol. Med. 75(4):267-282, 1997; incorporated herein by reference).

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide to be delivered comprises a sequence encoding an antigenic peptide or protein. Nanoparticles containing these polynucleotides can be delivered to an individual to induce an immunologic response sufficient to decrease the chance of a subsequent infection and/or lessen the symptoms associated with such an infection. The polynucleotide of these vaccines may be combined with interleukins, interferon, cytokines, and adjuvants such as cholera toxin, alum, Freund's adjuvant, etc. A large number of adjuvant compounds are known; a useful compendium of many such compounds is prepared by the National Institutes of Health (see Allison Dev. Biol. Stand. 92:3-11, 1998; Unkeless et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 6:251-281, 1998; and Phillips et al., Vaccine 10:151-158, 1992; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

The antigenic protein or peptides encoded by the polynucleotide may be derived from such bacterial organisms as Streptococccus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Treponema pallidum, Leptospirosis interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, Camphylobacter jejuni, and the like; from such viruses as smallpox, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, measles, HIV, varicella-zoster, herpes simplex 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, rotavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, poliovirus, mumps, rabies, rubella, coxsackieviruses, equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus, and the like; and from such fungal, protozoan, and parasitic organisms such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Nocardia asteroides, Rickettsia ricketsii, Rickettsia typhi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydial psittaci, Chlamydial trachomatis, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, Schistosoma mansoni, and the like.

Table 3 of the Examples provides the nitrogen:phosphate ratio of conjugated lipomers of the present invention. The nitrogen:phosphate ratio (i.e., the ratio between the amino groups present in the lipomer, and the phosphate groups present in the polynucleotide) is between about 10:1 to about 50:1, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the nitrogen phosphate ratio is between about 10:1 to about 45:1, between about 15:1 to about 45:1, or between about 20:1 to about 40:1, inclusive. Increasing nitrogen:phosphate ratios have been shown to positively influence delivery of genetic material by increasing nucleic acid binding and negatively influence delivery by increasing toxicity (see, e.g., Incani et al., Soft Matter (2010) 6:2124-2138).

Table 3 of the Examples also provides the lipomer:polynucleotide mass ratio and molar ratios measured from complexes of polynucleotide and conjugated lipomers of the present invention. The conjugated lipomer:polynucleotide mass ratio is between about 10:1 to about 20:1, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomer:polynucleotide mass ratio is about 15:1. The conjugated lipomer:polynucleotide molar ratio is between about 10:1 to about 400:1, inclusive. In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomer:polynucleotide molar ratio is between about 10:1 to about 350:1, between about 15:1 to about 300:1, or between about 20:1 to about 250:1, inclusive.

Particles

The conjugated lipomers of the present invention may also be used to form drug delivery devices. The inventive conjugated lipomers have several properties that make them particularly suitable in the preparation of drug delivery devices. These include: 1) the ability of the lipomer to complex and “protect” labile agents; 2) the ability to buffer the pH in the endosome; 3) the ability to act as a “proton sponge” and cause endosomolysis; and 4) the ability to neutralize the charge on negatively charged agents.

In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomers are used to form particles containing the agent to be delivered. The inventive conjugated lipomers may be used to encapsulate agents including, but not limited to, organic molecules (e.g., cholesterol), inorganic molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, polynucleotides, targeting agents, isotopically labeled organic or inorganic molecules, vaccines, immunological agents, etc. Other exemplary agents are described in greater detail herein. These particles may include other materials such as polymers (e.g., synthetic polymers (e.g., PEG, PLGA), natural polymers (e.g., phospholipids)). In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomers are mixed with one or more agents (e.g., cholesterol) and/or one or more other materials (e.g., polymers). For example, as shown in FIGS. 5A-5B and described in the Examples, a conjugated lipomer was mixed with an agent and a polymer, or just mixed with an agent, to provide inventive particles.

In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between 1 micrometer to 1,000 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 1 micrometer to 100 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 1 micrometer to 10 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 10 micrometer to 100 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 100 micrometer to 1,000 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the particles range from 1-5 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between 1 nm to 1,000 nm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 1 nm to 100 nm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 1 nm to 10 nm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 10 nm to 100 nm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 100 nm to 1,000 nm. In certain embodiments, the particles range from 1-5 nm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between 1 pm to 1,000 pm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 1 pm to 100 pm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 1 pm to 10 pm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 10 pm to 100 pm. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the particles range from between from 100 pm to 1,000 pm. In certain embodiments, the particles range from 1-5 pm.

The inventive particles may be prepared using any method known in this art. These include, but are not limited to, spray drying, single and double emulsion solvent evaporation, solvent extraction, phase separation, simple and complex coacervation, and other methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, methods of preparing the particles are the double emulsion process and spray drying. The conditions used in preparing the particles may be altered to yield particles of a desired size or property (e.g., hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, external morphology, “stickiness”, shape, etc.). The method of preparing the particle and the conditions (e.g., solvent, temperature, concentration, air flow rate, etc.) used may also depend on the agent being encapsulated and/or the composition of the matrix.

Methods developed for making particles for delivery of encapsulated agents are described in the literature (for example, please see Doubrow, M., Ed., “Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992; Mathiowitz and Langer, J. Controlled Release 5:13-22, 1987; Mathiowitz et al., Reactive Polymers 6:275-283, 1987; Mathiowitz et al., J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 35:755-774, 1988; each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

If the particles prepared by any of the above methods have a size range outside of the desired range, the particles can be sized, for example, using a sieve. The particle may also be coated. In certain embodiments, the particles are coated with a targeting agent. In other embodiments, the particles are coated to achieve desirable surface properties (e.g., a particular charge).

Micelles and Liposomes and Lipoplexes

The conjugated lipomers of the invention may also be used to prepare micelles liposomes. In addition, any agent may be included in a micelle or liposome. Micelles and liposomes are particularly useful in delivering hydrophobic agents such as hydrophobic small molecules. When the micelle or liposome is complexed with (e.g., encapsulates or covers) a polynucleotide it is referred to as a “lipoplex.” Many techniques for preparing micelles, liposomes, and lipoplexes are known in the art, and any method may be used with the inventive conjugated lipomers to make micelles and liposomes.

In certain embodiments, liposomes are formed through spontaneous assembly. In other embodiments, liposomes are formed when thin lipid films or lipid cakes are hydrated and stacks of lipid crystalline bilayers become fluid and swell. The hydrated lipid sheets detach during agitation and self-close to form large, multilamellar vesicles (LMV). This prevents interaction of water with the hydrocarbon core of the bilayers at the edges. Once these particles have formed, reducing the size of the particle can be modified through input of sonic energy (sonication) or mechanical energy (extrusion). See Walde, P. “Preparation of Vesicles (Liposomes)” In Encylopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Nalwa, H. S. Ed. American Scientific Publishers: Los Angeles, 2004; Vol. 9, pp. 43-79; Szoka et al., “Comparative Properties and Methods of Preparation of Lipid Vesicles (Liposomes)” Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467-508, 1980; each of which is incorporated herein. The preparation of lipsomes involves preparing the conjugated lipomers for hydration, hydrating the conjugated lipomers with agitation, and sizing the vesicles to achieve a homogenous distribution of liposomes. Conjugated lipomers are first dissolved in an organic solvent to assure a homogeneous mixture of conjugated lipomers. The solvent is then removed to form a polymer-derived film. This polymer-derived film is thoroughly dried to remove residual organic solvent by placing the vial or flask on a vacuum pump overnight. Hydration of the polymer-derived film is accomplished by adding an aqueous medium and agitating the mixture. Disruption of LMV suspensions using sonic energy typically produces small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with diameters in the range of 15-50 nm. Lipid extrusion is a technique in which a lipid/polymer suspension is forced through a polycarbonate filter with a defined pore size to yield particles having a diameter near the pore size of the filter used. Extrusion through filters with 100 nm pores typically yields large, unilamellar polymer-derived vesicles (LUV) with a mean diameter of 120-140 nm.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is an RNA molecule (e.g., an RNAi molecule). In other embodiments, the polynucleotide is a DNA molecule. In certain embodiments, the amount of poly(beta-amino alcohol) in the liposome ranges from 30-80 mol %, preferably 40-70 mol %, more preferably 60-70 mol %. These liposomes may be prepared using any method known in the art. In certain embodiments (e.g., liposomes containing RNAi molecules), the liposomes are prepared by lipid extrusion.

Certain conjugated lipomers can spontaneously self assemble around certain molecules, such as DNA and RNA, to form liposomes. In some embodiments, the application is the delivery of polynucleotides. Use of these conjugated lipomers allows for simple assembly of liposomes without the need for additional steps or devices such as an extruder.

The following scientific papers described other methods for preparing liposomes and micelles: Narang et al., “Cationic Lipids with Increased DNA Binding Affinity for Nonviral Gene Transfer in Dividing and Nondividing Cells” Bioconjugate Chem. 16:156-68, 2005; Hofland et al., “Formation of stable cationic lipid/DNA complexes for gene transfer” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7305-7309, July 1996; Byk et al., “Synthesis, Activity, and Structure—Activity Relationship Studies of Novel Cationic Lipids for DNA Transfer” J. Med. Chem. 41(2):224-235, 1998; Wu et al., “Cationic Lipid Polymerization as a Novel Approach for Constructing New DNA Delivery Agents” Bioconjugate Chem. 12:251-57, 2001; Lukyanov et al., “Micelles from lipid derivatives of water-soluble polymers as delivery systems for poorly soluble drugs” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 56:1273-1289, 2004; Tranchant et al., “Physicochemical optimisation of plasmid delivery by cationic lipids” J. Gene Med. 6:S24-S35, 2004; van Balen et al., “Liposome/Water Lipophilicity: Methods, Information Content, and Pharmaceutical Applications” Medicinal Research Rev. 24(3):299-324, 2004; each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Agents

The agents to be delivered by the systems of the present invention may be therapeutic, diagnostic, or prophylactic agents. Any chemical compound to be administered to an individual may be delivered using the inventive complexes, picoparticles, nanoparticles, microparticles, micelles, or liposomes. The agent may be an organic molecule (e.g., cholesterol, a drug), inorganic molecule, nucleic acid, protein, peptide, polynucleotide, targeting agent, isotopically labeled organic or inorganic molecule, vaccine, immunological agent, etc.

In certain embodiments, the agents are organic molecules with pharmaceutical activity, e.g., a drug. In certain embodiments, the drug is an antibiotic, anti-viral agent, anesthetic, steroidal agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-neoplastic agent, anti-cancer agent, antigen, vaccine, antibody, decongestant, antihypertensive, sedative, birth control agent, progestational agent, anti-cholinergic, analgesic, anti-depressant, anti-psychotic, β-adrenergic blocking agent, diuretic, cardiovascular active agent, vasoactive agent, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, nutritional agent, etc.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the agent to be delivered may be a mixture of agents.

Diagnostic agents include gases; metals; commercially available imaging agents used in positron emissions tomography (PET), computer assisted tomography (CAT), single photon emission computerized tomography, x-ray, fluoroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and contrast agents. Examples of suitable materials for use as contrast agents in MRI include gadolinium chelates, as well as iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, and chromium. Examples of materials useful for CAT and x-ray imaging include iodine-based materials.

Prophylactic agents include, but are not limited to, antibiotics, nutritional supplements, and vaccines. Vaccines may comprise isolated proteins or peptides, inactivated organisms and viruses, dead organisms and viruses, genetically altered organisms or viruses, and cell extracts. Prophylactic agents may be combined with interleukins, interferon, cytokines, and adjuvants such as cholera toxin, alum, Freund's adjuvant, etc. Prophylactic agents include antigens of such bacterial organisms as Streptococccus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Treponema pallidum, Leptospirosis interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, Camphylobacter jejuni, and the like; antigens of such viruses as smallpox, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, measles, HIV, varicella-zoster, herpes simplex 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, rotavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, poliovirus, mumps, rabies, rubella, coxsackieviruses, equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus, and the like; antigens of fungal, protozoan, and parasitic organisms such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Nocardia asteroides, Rickettsia ricketsii, Rickettsia typhi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydial psittaci, Chlamydial trachomatis, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, Schistosoma mansoni, and the like. These antigens may be in the form of whole killed organisms, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, or combinations thereof.

Targeting Agents

The inventive conjugated lipomers, and the complexes, liposomes, micelles, microparticles, picoparticles and nanoparticles, prepared therefrom, may be modified to include targeting agents since it is often desirable to target a particular cell, collection of cells, or tissue. A variety of targeting agents that direct pharmaceutical compositions to particular cells are known in the art (see, for example, Cotten et al., Methods Enzym. 217:618, 1993; incorporated herein by reference). The targeting agents may be included throughout the particle or may be only on the surface. The targeting agent may be a protein, peptide, carbohydrate, glycoprotein, lipid, small molecule, nucleic acids, etc. The targeting agent may be used to target specific cells or tissues or may be used to promote endocytosis or phagocytosis of the particle. Examples of targeting agents include, but are not limited to, antibodies, fragments of antibodies, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), transferrin, asialycoproteins, gp120 envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), carbohydrates, receptor ligands, sialic acid, aptamers, etc. If the targeting agent is included throughout the particle, the targeting agent may be included in the mixture that is used to form the particles. If the targeting agent is only on the surface, the targeting agent may be associated with (i.e., by covalent, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, or other interactions) the formed particles using standard chemical techniques.

Compositions

The present invention contemplates an inventive conjugated lipomer as a component of a composition which may be useful in a variety of medical and non-medical applications. For example, pharmaceutical compositions comprising an inventive conjugated lipomer may be useful in the delivery of an effective amount of an agent to a subject in need thereof. Nutraceutical compositions comprising an inventive conjugated lipomer may be useful in the delivery of an effective amount of a nutraceutical, e.g., a dietary supplement, to a subject in need thereof. Cosmetic compositions comprising an inventive conjugated lipomer may be formulated as a cream, ointment, balm, paste, film, or liquid, etc., and may be useful in the application of make-up, hair products, and materials useful for personal hygiene, etc. Compositions comprising an inventive conjugated lipomer may be useful for non-medical applications, e.g., such as an emulsion or emulsifier, useful, for example, as a food component, for extinguishing fires, for disinfecting surfaces, for oil cleanup, etc.

In certain embodiments, the composition comprises one or more conjugated lipomers of the present invention. “One or more conjugated lipomers” refers to one or more different types of conjugated lipomers included in the composition, and encompasses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more different types of conjugated lipomers.

In certain embodiments, the inventive conjugated lipomers are useful as compositions, either for delivery of an effective amount of an agent to a subject in need thereof (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, a cosmetic composition) or for use as an excipient. For example, cosmetic compositions may further use the inventive lipomers as excipients rather than as a delivery system encapsulating an agent to be delivered. In certain embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is a cosmetic composition.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an agent, as described herein. For example, in certain embodiments, the agent is a small molecule, organometallic compound, nucleic acid, protein, peptide, polynucleotide, metal, targeting agent, an isotopically labeled chemical compound, drug, vaccine, or immunological agent. In certain embodiments, the agent is a polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is DNA or RNA. In certain embodiments, the RNA is RNAi, dsRNA, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, or antisense RNA.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide and the one or more conjugated lipomers are not covalently attached.

In certain embodiments, the one or more conjugated lipomers are in the form of a particle. In certain embodiments, the particle is a nanoparticle or microparticle. In certain embodiments, the one or more conjugated lipomers are in the form of liposomes or micelles. It is understood that, in certain embodiments, these conjugated lipomers self-assemble to provide a particle, micelle or liposome. In certain embodiments, the particle, liposome, or micelle encapsulates an agent. The agent to be delivered by the particles, liposomes, or micelles may be in the form of a gas, liquid, or solid. The inventive conjugated lipomers may be combined with polymers (synthetic or natural), surfactants, cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids etc. to form the particles. These particles may be combined with an excipient to form pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions.

Once the complexes, micelles, liposomes, or particles have been prepared, they may be combined with one or more excipients to form a composition that is suitable to administer to animals including humans.

As would be appreciated by one of skill in this art, the excipients may be chosen based on the route of administration as described below, the agent being delivered, time course of delivery of the agent, etc.

In certain embodiments, provided is a composition comprising an inventive conjugated lipomer and, optionally, an excipient. As used herein, the term “excipient” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as excipients include, but are not limited to, sugars such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; detergents such as Tween 80; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator. The compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and/or to animals, orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intranasally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, creams, ointments, or drops), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredients (i.e., microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, polynucleotide/lipid complexes), the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables. In certain embodiments, the particles are suspended in a carrier fluid comprising 1% (w/v) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.1% (v/v) Tween 80.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the particles with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the particles.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the particles are mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of an inventive pharmaceutical composition include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, or patches. The particles are admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The ointments, pastes, creams, and gels may contain, in addition to the particles of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc, and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the particles of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the microparticles or nanoparticles in a proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the particles in a polymer matrix or gel.

Methods of Use

In another aspect, provided are methods of using the inventive conjugated lipomers, e.g., for the treatment of a disease, disorder or condition from which a subject suffers. It is contemplated that the inventive conjugated lipomers will be useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions, especially as a system for delivering agents useful in the treatment of that particular disease, disorder or condition.

For example, in one aspect, provided is a method of treating cancer comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a conjugated lipomer of the present invention, e.g., a conjugated lipomer of the Formula (II) or (IV), or salt thereof, or a composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administering an anti-cancer agent. In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomer encapsulates the anti-cancer agent. In certain embodiments, the conjugated lipomer and the anti-cancer agent form a particle (e.g., a nanoparticle, a microparticle, a micelle, a liposome, a lipoplex).

A “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult or senior adult)) and/or other non-human animals, for example mammals (e.g., primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys); commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, cats, and/or dogs), birds (e.g., commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/or turkeys), reptiles, amphibians, and fish. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal. The non-human animal may be a male or female and at any stage of development. A non-human animal may be a transgenic animal.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “treat,” “treating” and “treatment” contemplate an action that occurs while a subject is suffering from the specified disease, disorder or condition, which reduces the severity of the disease, disorder or condition, or retards or slows the progression of the disease, disorder or condition (“therapeutic treatment”), and also contemplates an action that occurs before a subject begins to suffer from the specified disease, disorder or condition (“prophylactic treatment”).

In general, the “effective amount” of a compound refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in this art, the effective amount of a compound of the invention may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the disease being treated, the mode of administration, and the age, health, and condition of the subject. An effective amount encompasses therapeutic and prophylactic treatment.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a disease, disorder or condition, or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder or condition. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the disease, disorder or condition. The term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of disease or condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease, disorder or condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder or condition, or prevent its recurrence. A prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease, disorder or condition. The term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.

Exemplary cancers include, but are not limited to, acoustic neuroma, adenocarcinoma, adrenal gland cancer, anal cancer, angiosarcoma (e.g., lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma), appendix cancer, benign monoclonal gammopathy, biliary cancer (e.g., cholangiocarcinoma), bladder cancer, breast cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma of the breast, papillary carcinoma of the breast, mammary cancer, medullary carcinoma of the breast), brain cancer (e.g., meningioma; glioma, e.g., astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma; medulloblastoma), bronchus cancer, carcinoid tumor, cervical cancer (e.g., cervical adenocarcinoma), choriocarcinoma, chordoma, craniopharyngioma, colorectal cancer (e.g., colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma), epithelial carcinoma, ependymoma, endotheliosarcoma (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma), endometrial cancer (e.g., uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma), esophageal cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, Barrett's adenocarinoma), Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer (e.g., intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma), familiar hypereosinophilia, gall bladder cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach adenocarcinoma), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer (e.g., oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), throat cancer (e.g., laryngeal cancer, pharyngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer)), hematopoietic cancers (e.g., leukemia such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (e.g., B-cell ALL, T-cell ALL), acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) (e.g., B-cell AML, T-cell AML), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) (e.g., B-cell CML, T-cell CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (e.g., B-cell CLL, T-cell CLL); lymphoma such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (e.g., B-cell HL, T-cell HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (e.g., B-cell NHL such as diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) (e.g., diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)), follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (e.g., mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas, nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (i.e., “Waldenström's macroglobulinemia”), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma and primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; and T-cell NHL such as precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (e.g., cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (e.g., mycosis fungiodes, Sezary syndrome), angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, enteropathy type T-cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma); a mixture of one or more leukemia/lymphoma as described above; and multiple myeloma (MM)), heavy chain disease (e.g., alpha chain disease, gamma chain disease, mu chain disease), hemangioblastoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, immunocytic amyloidosis, kidney cancer (e.g., nephroblastoma a.k.a. Wilms' tumor, renal cell carcinoma), liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular cancer (HCC), malignant hepatoma), lung cancer (e.g., bronchogenic carcinoma, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), adenocarcinoma of the lung), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), mastocytosis (e.g., systemic mastocytosis), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), mesothelioma, myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) (e.g., polycythemia Vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) a.k.a. myelofibrosis (MF), chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)), neuroblastoma, neurofibroma (e.g., neurofibromatosis (NF) type 1 or type 2, schwannomatosis), neuroendocrine cancer (e.g., gastroenteropancreatic neuroendoctrine tumor (GEP-NET), carcinoid tumor), osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer (e.g., cystadenocarcinoma, ovarian embryonal carcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma), papillary adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic andenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), Islet cell tumors), penile cancer (e.g., Paget's disease of the penis and scrotum), pinealoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNT), prostate cancer (e.g., prostate adenocarcinoma), rectal cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, skin cancer (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), keratoacanthoma (KA), melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC)), small bowel cancer (e.g., appendix cancer), soft tissue sarcoma (e.g., malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), liposarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma), sebaceous gland carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, synovioma, testicular cancer (e.g., seminoma, testicular embryonal carcinoma), thyroid cancer (e.g., papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), medullary thyroid cancer), urethral cancer, vaginal cancer and vulvar cancer (e.g., Paget's disease of the vulva).

Anti-cancer agents encompass biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents as well as chemotherapeutic agents.

Exemplary biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, interferons, cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interferon α, interferon γ), vaccines, hematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal serotherapy, immunostimulants and/or immunodulatory agents (e.g., IL-1, 2, 4, 6, or 12), immune cell growth factors (e.g., GM-CSF) and antibodies (e.g. HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab), T-DM1, AVASTIN (bevacizumab), ERBITUX (cetuximab), VECTIBIX (panitumumab), RITUXAN (rituximab), BEXXAR (tositumomab)).

Exemplary chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anti-estrogens (e.g. tamoxifen, raloxifene, and megestrol), LHRH agonists (e.g. goscrclin and leuprolide), anti-androgens (e.g. flutamide and bicalutamide), photodynamic therapies (e.g. vertoporfin (BPD-MA), phthalocyanine, photosensitizer Pc4, and demethoxy-hypocrellin A (2BA-2-DMHA)), nitrogen mustards (e.g. cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, chlorambucil, estramustine, and melphalan), nitrosoureas (e.g. carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)), alkylsulphonates (e.g. busulfan and treosulfan), triazenes (e.g. dacarbazine, temozolomide), platinum containing compounds (e.g. cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin), vinca alkaloids (e.g. vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinorelbine), taxoids (e.g. paclitaxel or a paclitaxel equivalent such as nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (ABRAXANE), docosahexaenoic acid bound-paclitaxel (DHA-paclitaxel, Taxoprexin), polyglutamate bound-paclitaxel (PG-paclitaxel, paclitaxel poliglumex, CT-2103, XYOTAX), the tumor-activated prodrug (TAP) ANG1005 (Angiopep-2 bound to three molecules of paclitaxel), paclitaxel-EC-1 (paclitaxel bound to the erbB2-recognizing peptide EC-1), and glucose-conjugated paclitaxel, e.g., 2′-paclitaxel methyl 2-glucopyranosyl succinate; docetaxel, taxol), epipodophyllins (e.g. etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, topotecan, 9-aminocamptothecin, camptoirinotecan, irinotecan, crisnatol, mytomycin C), anti-metabolites, DHFR inhibitors (e.g. methotrexate, dichloromethotrexate, trimetrexate, edatrexate), IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (e.g. mycophenolic acid, tiazofurin, ribavirin, and EICAR), ribonuclotide reductase inhibitors (e.g. hydroxyurea and deferoxamine), uracil analogs (e.g. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), floxuridine, doxifluridine, ratitrexed, tegafur-uracil, capecitabine), cytosine analogs (e.g. cytarabine (ara C), cytosine arabinoside, and fludarabine), purine analogs (e.g. mercaptopurine and Thioguanine), Vitamin D3 analogs (e.g. EB 1089, CB 1093, and KH 1060), isoprenylation inhibitors (e.g. lovastatin), dopaminergic neurotoxins (e.g. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion), cell cycle inhibitors (e.g. staurosporine), actinomycin (e.g. actinomycin D, dactinomycin), bleomycin (e.g. bleomycin A2, bleomycin B2, peplomycin), anthracycline (e.g. daunorubicin, doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, zorubicin, mitoxantrone), MDR inhibitors (e.g. verapamil), Ca²⁺ ATPase inhibitors (e.g. thapsigargin), imatinib, thalidomide, lenalidomide, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., axitinib (AG013736), bosutinib (SKI-606), cediranib (RECENTIN™, AZD2171), dasatinib (SPRYCEL®, BMS-354825), erlotinib (TARCEVA®), gefitinib (IRESSA®), imatinib (Gleevec®, CGP57148B, STI-571), lapatinib (TYKERB®, TYVERB®), lestaurtinib (CEP-701), neratinib (HKI-272), nilotinib (TASIGNA®), semaxanib (semaxinib, SU5416), sunitinib (SUTENT®, SU11248), toceranib (PALLADIA®), vandetanib (ZACTIMA®, ZD6474), vatalanib (PTK787, PTK/ZK), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®), bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), rituximab (RITUXAN®), cetuximab (ERBITUX®), panitumumab (VECTIBIX®), ranibizumab (Lucentis®), nilotinib (TASIGNA®), sorafenib (NEXAVAR®), everolimus (AFINITOR®), alemtuzumab (CAMPATH®), gemtuzumab ozogamicin (MYLOTARG®), temsirolimus (TORISEL®), ENMD-2076, PCI-32765, AC220, dovitinib lactate (TKI258, CHIR-258), BIBW 2992 (TOVOK™), SGX523, PF-04217903, PF-02341066, PF-299804, BMS-777607, ABT-869, MP470, BIBF 1120 (VARGATEF®), AP24534, JNJ-26483327, MGCD265, DCC-2036, BMS-690154, CEP-11981, tivozanib (AV-951), OSI-930, MM-121, XL-184, XL-647, and/or XL228), proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib (VELCADE)), mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin, temsirolimus (CCI-779), everolimus (RAD-001), ridaforolimus, AP23573 (Ariad), AZD8055 (AstraZeneca), BEZ235 (Novartis), BGT226 (Norvartis), XL765 (Sanofi Aventis), PF-4691502 (Pfizer), GDC0980 (Genetech), SF1126 (Semafoe) and OSI-027 (OSI)), oblimersen, gemcitabine, carminomycin, leucovorin, pemetrexed, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, procarbizine, prednisolone, dexamethasone, campathecin, plicamycin, asparaginase, aminopterin, methopterin, porfiromycin, melphalan, leurosidine, leurosine, chlorambucil, trabectedin, procarbazine, discodermolide, carminomycin, aminopterin, and hexamethyl melamine.

EXAMPLES

In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.

Library Synthesis

The inventive lipomers were synthesized using (i) a polymer PEI backbone a linear PEI with a molecular weight of 600 (LPEI₆₀₀); a branched PEI with a molecular weight of 600 (BPEI₆₀₀); a branched PEI with a molecular weight of 1800 (BPEI₁₈₀₀); or (ii) macrocyles comprising amino groups (e.g., aza-crown macrocycles). In each instance, the backbone was chemically modified with alkyl tails and/or PEG polymers by direct alkylation of one or more amino groups. Four structural parameters were varied in the screen: the number of alkyl tails and/or PEG polymers per backbone, and the length of the alkyl groups and/or PEG polymer per backbone. More specifically, the number of alkyl tails per backbone were varied from 0 to 43 alkyl groups per backbone or from 0 to 4 alkyl groups per macrocycle, while the number of PEG polymer per molecule ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 per backbone or macrocycle. The resulting lipomer library was screened for in vitro efficacy against one murine cancer cell line (qBEND.3), two human cancer cell lines (HeLa or HCT-116), and one primary human cell line (HMVEC). Seventeen lipomers were found to reduce gene expression in vitro by more than 80% at doses of 30 nM with negligible toxicity. These lipomers were then tested for systemic in vivo delivery in two animal models: a Factor 7 liver delivery model and a hepatocellular carcinoma tumor model. The in vivo data demonstrated that these new lipomers can deliver siRNA effectively in animals.

PEI polymers and aza-macrocycles (FIG. 1A) were conjugated to alkyl and PEG polymers via an epoxide ring-opening reaction shown in FIG. 1B. LPEI₆₀₀, BPEI₆₀₀, BPEI₁₈₀₀ or aza-macrocycles were reacted with epoxides with alkyl chains having lengths between 10 and 18 carbons, inclusive. The reaction took place in 100% EtOH for 48-72 hours in capped glass vials at a temperature of about 90° C. After 48-72 hours, the solution was removed from the hotplate and the ethanol was removed via vacuum evaporation. In some of the reactions, LPEI₆₀₀, BPEI₆₀₀, BPEI₁₈₀₀ or the aza-macrocycles were also simultaneously alkylated with PEG1000 (PEG_(1K)), PEG2000 (PEG_(2K)) or a 1:1 mixture of PEG_(1K) and PEG_(2K) (PEG_(1.5K)). This synthesis is ideal for high-throughput screening since it does not require protection/deprotection steps, organic solvents or complex environmental conditions (Love et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2010) 107:1864-1869).

Table 3 lists the theoretical molecular weight, molar ratios, number of backbone nitrogens and nitrogen:phosphate ratios of compounds.

TABLE 3 Lipomer: Lipomer: siRNAMass siRNA Mole Backbone N:P Molar Mass Ratio Ratio Nitrogens Ratio 7C1 3764.00 15.00 53.00 14.00 17.67 7H6 2667.00 15.00 74.80 14.00 24.93 7H4 2524.00 15.00 79.04 14.00 26.35 2C6 4603.28 15.00 43.34 43.00 44.37 7h8 2960.00 15.00 67.40 14.00 22.47 7G2 808.00 15.00 246.91 4.00 23.51 7B2 9620.00 15.00 20.74 43.00 21.23 4D1 750.00 15.00 266.00 4.00 25.33 4C8 934.00 15.00 213.60 4.00 20.34 7I1 4102.00 15.00 48.63 14.00 16.21 6c8 1056.00 15.00 188.92 4.00 17.99 7F10 890.00 15.00 224.16 4.00 21.35 6B10 888.00 15.00 224.66 4.00 21.40 4c4 850.00 15.00 234.71 4.00 22.35 4C5 1062.00 15.00 187.85 4.00 17.89 4C3 638.00 15.00 312.70 4.00 29.78 Reagents

BPEI with a number molecular weight (M_(n)) of 600 and a weight molecular weight (M_(w)) of 800 of (BPEI₆₀₀) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (catalog number 408719). BPEI with a M_(n) of 1800 and M_(w) of 2000 (BPEI₁₈₀₀) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (catalog number 40528).

Aza-macrocycles were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and Alfa Aesar (1,4,8,12 Tetraazacyclopentadecane TCI Catalog number 1691 or Sigma Aldrich Catalog Number 259512, 1,4,10,13-Tetraoxa-7,16-Diaazacyclooctade Sigma Aldrich Catalog Number 295809, 1,4,8,11 Tetraazacyclotetradecane TCI Catalog Number T1597, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane TCI Catalog Number T1874.

The following epoxides were purchased from Sigma Aldrich or TCI America: 1,2-epoxydecane TCI Catalogue number E0315 or Sigma Aldrich Catalog Number 260339, 1,2-epoxydodecane TCI Catalog number D1984 or Sigma Aldrich Catalog Number 260207, 1,2-epoxytetradecane TCI Catalog number E0314 or Sigma Aldrich Catalog Number 260266, 1,2-epoxyhexadecane TCI Catalog number E0316 or Sigma Aldrich Catalog Number 260215, 1,2-epoxyoctadecane TCI Catalog number E0313 or Sigma Aldrich Catalog Number 260231.

PEG₁₀₀₀ and PEG₂₀₀₀ were purchased from Creative Pegworks.

In Vitro Screening

Following synthesis, the ability to specifically reduce gene expression in vitro was tested against four cell lines; HeLa cells (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) transfected by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals to express both Renilla and Firefly luciferase, HCT-116 human colorectal cells (Caliper Life Sciences) transfected to express Firefly luciferase, and qBEND.3 murine endothelial cells and HMVEC primary human endothelial cells, both expressing the endothelial marker Tie2 (Akinc et al. Nat Biotechnol (2008) 26:561-569). Lipomers were complexed with anti-Firefly luciferase siRNA (siLuc) (Dharmacon, Boulder, Colo.) or anti-Tie2 siRNA (siTie2) (Alnylam, Cambridge, Mass.) by incubating the lipomer with siRNA in 25 mMol NaAc with a pH of 5.2. The siRNA and lipomers were bound via electrostatic interactions between the negative phosphate backbone of the siRNA and the protonated amine backbone. GapDH siRNA (siGap) (Alnylam, Cambridge, Mass.) was used as a control for Tie2 expression. More specifically, lipomers were conjugated with siTie2 or siGap. Tie2 expression was measured using both complexes and successful compounds were those that reduced Tie2 expression Both Tie2 and GapDH More specifically, and compounds that reduced Tie2 expression even when conjugated to GapDH were considered toxic. Similarly, HeLa cell toxicity was tested by measuring both (targeted) Firefly luciferase and (control) Renilla Luciferase. Successful compounds reduced target gene expression and did not influence control gene expression.

The in vitro screen was initiated by seeding cells onto a 96 well plate at a density of 15,000 cells/well. Twenty-four hours later, 30 nM lipomer-siRNA solution was placed in each well. The mixture was incubated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Luciferase and Renilla gene expression was then tested using luminescence (Dual Glow Assay, Promega, Madison, Wis.) while Tie2 expression was measured using a Quantigene 2.0 BDNA assay (Panomics, Santa Clara, Calif.). Compounds were considered successful if they reduced target gene expression by more than 80% while off-target gene knockdown was less than 20%. In most cases, successful candidates reduced off-target gene expression by less than 10%.

Since polymer: siRNA mass ratio has been shown to influence the delivery of genetic material, the library was screened at lipomer: siRNA mass ratios of 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 (FIG. 2). During mass ratio studies, the amount of lipomer changed while the amount of siRNA remained constant such that the siRNA molarity was 30 nM. Compounds effective against HeLa cells were tested for efficacy against endothelial cells at a dose of 30 nM, as shown in FIG. 3. Following the initial screening of the library, a subset of effective compounds was tested for dose response. The lipomer:siRNA mass ratio was maintained at 15:1 while the amount of molarity of the solution decreased from 30 nM to 0.4 nM. These results are shown in FIG. 4.

The mechanism of cellular uptake was then studied using fluorescently labeled siRNA. Briefly, cells can envelop external particles via a variety of different mechanisms. Each uptake mechanism results in different physiological processes. For this reason, identifying the specific uptake mechanism is important for nanoparticle delivery (Sahay et al., J. Controlled Release (2010) 145:182-195). Fortunately, most pathways are identifiable via canonical molecules present during their activation. In this case, the caveolae-mediated pathway was identified by the presence of a molecule termed cholera toxin B. Specifically, HeLa nuclei (blue), cholera toxin B (green) and Cysteine-5 tagged siRNA (siCy5) (red) were stained concurrently after Cy5 tagged siRNA was conjugated to compound 6B10. It was confirmed by the overlap between the red Cy5 siRNA and cholera toxin B that some molecules were taken up via caveolae-mediated endocytosis.

In Vivo Formulation and Physical Characterization

All in vivo experiments were reviewed and approved by the MIT Institutional Animal Care and Welfare Committee and were conducted in the MIT division of comparative medicine. Using in vitro screening described above, approximately 20 compounds were identified as leading candidates for in vivo analysis. To test the compounds in vivo, lipomers were diluted in 100% EtOH and mixed with C₁₆-PEG (Aniara, Wilmington, Ohio) and cholesterol (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) such that Lipomer:PEG:cholesterol molar ratios were 100:25:35. In another study, lipomers were diluted in 100% EtOH and combined with cholesterol, but not C₁₆-PEG. Particles, in 25 mMol buffered sodium acetate (pH 5.3), were extruded using a 10 mL Lipex extruder (Northern Lipids, Canada) at 40° C. through 50 nm pore-size polycarbonate membranes until size distribution was uniform. siRNA was then added to the lipomer dispersion for 30 minutes, facilitating electrostatic interactions that led to siRNA complexation. Then, lipomers were dialyzed against 1×PBS (pH 7.4) for 75 minutes to remove unbound siRNA and excess acetate. Particle size and charge were measured immediately after mixing with PEG and cholesterol, after conjugation to siRNA, and after dialysis. Particle size was measured with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and surface charge was estimated using zeta potential analysis (Zetapals, Brookhaven Instruments, Holtsville, N.Y.). Finally, to measure the stability of particles after conjugation of siRNA, compound size was measured 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours and 18 hours after formulation at 37° C., 25° C., 4° C. and −20° C. Both size and stability are shown in FIG. 5A-5B.

After dialysis, samples were injected into one of two animal models. In the first model, lipomers with anti-Factor 7 siRNA were injected to 8-wk-old Fox Chase female mice (Charles River, Boston, Mass.). 48 hours after injection, blood serum was collected and analyzed for Factor 7 expression (Biophen, Aniara, Mason, Ohio). Serum Factor 7 levels were compared to mice injected with PBS (see FIGS. 6, 7, and 8).

In a second study, 8 to 12-week-old Fox Chase female mice, bearing a ˜1 cm luciferase-expressing HEPg2 tumor in the flank, were injected with anti-LUC siRNA. Before, and 72 hr after intravenous siRNA administration (dosed at 2.0 mg/kg). Luciferase expression was measured by injecting 150 mg/kg D-luciferin ip (XenoLight Rediject D-Luciferin Ultra, Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, Mass.) and recording luminescence with an IVIS Spectrum (Xenogen-Calipers Life Science). Reduction in luciferase expression was determined by comparing luciferase expression pre- and post-siRNA treatment (see FIGS. 9A-9B).

Finally, the biodistribution of three different successful compounds (7H6, 7I1 and 3I7) was evaluated using Cy5.5 labeled siRNA (AllStars Control siRNA, Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). Mice were injected with Cy5.5 siRNA (2.5 mg/kg) via the tail vein and sacrificed 1 or 14 hours later. Major organs were harvested and fluorescently imaged at 670 (ex. 670 nm, em. 710 nm) using an IVIS imaging system (see FIGS. 10A-10B).

The Factor 7 siRNA was provided by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals and had a sense sequence of 5′-GGAucAucucAAGucuuAcT*T-3′ (SEQ ID NO 1) as previously reported (Akinc, A. et al. Nature Biotechnology 26, 561-569). The Cy5-tagged siRNA was purchased from Qiagen and had a proprietary sequence (Product Number 1027297). The Luciferase targeting siRNA was purchased from Dharmacon and had a proprietary sequence (Product Number D-002050-0120).

Results

To identify compounds that effectively transfect multiple cell lines in vitro, 750 lipomers were screened against HeLa and HCT-116 cells. Since lipomer: siRNA mass ratios have been related in other studies to both efficacy and toxicity, the library was screened at lipomer: siRNA mass ratios of 2.5, 5, 10 and 15. Slightly less than 5% of the compounds transfected HeLa cells effectively, as shown qualitatively in FIG. 2A and quantitatively in FIG. 2B. Furthermore, lipomer: siRNA mass ratios of 10 and 15 were found to be most efficacious (FIG. 2A), while FIG. 2B indicates that at these ratios off-target effects (i.e., any decrease in Renilla luciferase expression) are negligible.

Compounds found to be efficacious (>80% knockdown and <20% toxicity) against HeLa cells were then screened for knockdown against primary human endothelial cells and murine endothelial cells. FIG. 3 presents compounds that were found to be highly efficacious in multiple cell lines. Interestingly, the reduction in gene expression varied from one cell line to another, where, in general, primary endothelial cells were easier to transfect.

Compounds were then tested for in vitro siRNA dose response against qBEND.3 cells. Increasing siRNA dosing led to decreased gene expression in vitro (FIG. 4A). At a dose of 30 nM, gene expression was reduced by up to 95% while GapDH (i.e., control gene) expression remained constant. Compounds reduced expression by nearly 80% at a dose of 6 nM, and by 25% at 1.2 nM, suggesting a 3.4 nM siRNA (˜400 nM lipomer) dose would reduce gene expression by 50%. Furthermore, off-target effects were abrogated, as shown by the constant gene expression of the GapDH control (FIG. 4B).

Compounds were then tested for in vivo efficacy against the expression of Factor 7, a serum protein produced by the liver. In an initial study, lipomers formulated with cholesterol (but without C₁₆-PEG) were complexed with anti-Factor 7 siRNA (siF7, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals) and injected to the tail vein, at an siRNA dose of 2 mg/kg and a lipomer:siRNA mass ratio of 15:1 or 10:1 (FIG. 6). Analyzing Factor 7 in the blood demonstrated more than 64% knockdown and that a 15:1 mass ratio resulted in higher knockdown. Adding C₁₆-PEG to the formulation (lipomer:cholesterol:C₁₆-PEG mole ratio 100:35:25) reduced knockdown slightly (FIGS. 7 and 8). No change in animal weight was measured in the several days post administration, pointing to the good in vivo tolerability of the compounds.

In vivo efficacy was further evaluated in a tumor model. Fox Chase mice bearing subcutaneous HepG2 tumors (˜1 cm diameter) that express Firefly-luciferase were injected with anti-Luc siRNA (1.5 mg/kg). Tumor luminescence was measured before, and 72 hr after, siRNA administration. A 51% decrease in tumor luminescence, was measured when using a representative efficacious compound −7H6 (FIG. 9A).

Finally, siRNA delivery systems 3I7, 7H6, and 7I1B complexing fluorescently labeled siRNA were injected to the tail vein. The resulting biodistribution showed that siRNA accumulates in the liver, spleen, kidney and lungs and the tail of mice (FIG. 10). All compounds had high selectivity to the liver. A significant amount of 7H6 accumulated in the lungs while 7I1B also tended to accumulate in the kidneys. This suggests that different compounds can be optimized for delivery in different organs.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

All patents, patent applications, and literature references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference.

Having now described some illustrative embodiments of the invention, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative and not limiting, having been presented by way of example only. Numerous modifications and other illustrative embodiments are within the scope of one of ordinary skill in the art and are contemplated as falling within the scope of the invention. In particular, although many of the examples presented herein involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements, it should be understood that those acts and those elements may be combined in other ways to accomplish the same objectives. Acts, elements, and features discussed only in connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in other embodiments. Further, for the one or more means-plus-function limitations recited in the following claims, the means are not intended to be limited to the means disclosed herein for performing the recited function, but are intended to cover in scope any means, known now or later developed, for performing the recited function. Use of terms such as “first”, “second”, “third”, etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. Similarly, use of a), b), etc., or i), ii), etc. does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of steps in the claims. Similarly, the use of these terms in the specification does not by itself connote any required priority, precedence, or order.

The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by examples provided, since the examples are intended as a single illustration of one aspect of the invention and other functionally equivalent embodiments are within the scope of the invention. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall within the scope of the appended claims. The advantages and objects of the invention are not necessarily encompassed by each embodiment of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A conjugated lipomer of Formula (IV):

or salt thereof; wherein: each instance of L³ is independently:

each instance of R⁸ is independently hydrogen; acyl; silyl; sulfonyl; an amino protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or

provided the conjugated lipomer contains two, three, or four groups of Formula (iii′); each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C₅₋₂₀ alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a hydrophilic polymer; each instance of R⁴ is independently hydrogen, acyl; silyl; a hydroxyl protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkenyl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkynyl; substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each instance of m and p is 1; q is 2; and the dashed curved line, together with G and Y, is a covalent bond.
 2. The conjugated lipomer of claim 1, wherein each instance of R⁸ is independently hydrogen or a group of Formula (iii′).
 3. The conjugated lipomer of claim 1, wherein each instance of R³ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C₅₋₂₀ alkyl or a hydrophilic polymer.
 4. The conjugated lipomer of claim 1, wherein at least one instance of R³ is substituted or unsubstituted C₅₋₂₀ alkyl.
 5. The conjugated lipomer of claim 1, wherein the lipomer is of Formula (V):

or salt thereof.
 6. The conjugated lipomer of claim 1, wherein the conjugated lipomer is selected from the group consisting of:

and salts thereof.
 7. A composition comprising one or more conjugated lipomers of claim 1, and, optionally, an excipient.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition or a cosmetic composition.
 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition further comprises an agent.
 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the agent is an organic molecule, inorganic molecule, protein, peptide, polynucleotide, targeting agent, isotopically labeled chemical compound, vaccine, or immunological agent.
 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the agent is a polynucleotide.
 12. The composition of claim 7, wherein the one or more conjugated lipomers are in the form of a particle.
 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein the agent is a polynucleotide that encodes a protein or peptide.
 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein the polynucleotide is DNA.
 15. The composition of claim 11, wherein the polynucleotide is RNA.
 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the RNA is RNAi, dsRNA, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, or antisense RNA.
 17. A method of preparing a conjugated lipomer of claim 1, the method comprising contacting a compound of Formula (III), or salt thereof, with an epoxide of Formula (xii):

wherein each instance of L² is independently:

provided that at least one R⁸ group is hydrogen; to provide the conjugated lipomer of claim
 1. 